Cold War Research Network’s Post

#OnThisDay- In 1947, the Screen Actor Guild (SAG), an American labor union that represented actors, voted to require its officers to swear an anti-communist loyalty oath. Just a month earlier, the ''Hollywood Ten'' had been charged with contempt of Congress, leading to their eventual imprisonment. The Hollywood Ten consisted of Alvah Bessie, Herbert Biberman, Lester Cole, Edward Dmytryk, Ring Lardner Jr., John Howard Lawson, Albert Maltz, Samuel Ornitz, Adrian Scott, and Dalton Trumbo. After World War II, the U.S. underwent a period of intense fear of communism, known as the Second Red Scare, during which individuals suspected of communist sympathies faced aggressive questioning, career loss, and even imprisonment. At the time, the U.S. government was concerned about communist espionage and communist influence in its institutions. The entertainment industry also fell victim to the Second Red Scare. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), a congressional committee tasked with investigating alleged disloyalty among private citizens and public employees, launched an investigation into the entertainment industry after receiving indications of alleged communist sympathies within the industry. The HUAC organized hearings in October 1947. At the time of the hearings, the HUAC had eleven members, one of whom was future U.S. President Richard M. Nixon. The hearings began with ''friendly witnesses'' who cooperated with the HUAC, such as Walt Disney and the SAG president (and future U.S. president) Ronald Reagan. However, ten actors and screenwriters refused to answer questions about their possible communist affiliations or sympathies. The HUAC accused these individuals of contempt of Congress, and they became known as the ''Hollywood Ten." The Hollywood Ten received support from an action group founded by actors called the Committee for the First Amendment. However, the group was met with suspicion and backlash. Some of its members also belonged to the SAG. Therefore, on November 17, Reagan, as president of the SAG, issued an anti-communist loyalty oath, making support for the Hollywood Ten practically impossible. On November 24, the House of Representatives voted in favor of HUAC's charges, and the Hollywood Ten were arrested. The following day, after a meeting of 50 movie industry executives, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) president released the Waldorf Statement, announcing that the Hollywood Ten would be suspended without pay and permanently blacklisted from Hollywood. The first Hollywood Blacklist was born, marking the start of the Hollywood Blacklist era, which destroyed many careers in Hollywood. Some screenwriters were forced to work under pseudonyms, such as Dalton Trumbo, a member of the Hollywood Ten, who wrote the screenplay for the movie 𝘚𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘤𝘶𝘴 (1960). The Blacklist era persisted until the late 1950s.

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📚 📚 📚 Would you like to learn more about the Hollywood Ten? Then definitely check out the following book: - Bernard F. Dick, Radical Innocence: A critical study of the Hollywood Ten (University Press of Kentucky, 1989).  📸Pictures: - Picture 1, Depicts Ronald Reagan Testifying at House Un-American Activities Committee HUAC in Washington: Series: Reagan White House Photographs, 1/20/1981 - 1/20/1989 Collection: White House Photographic Collection, 1/20/1981 - 1/20/1989, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. - Picture 2, Depicts nine of the ‘‘Hollywood Ten’’ give themselves up to U.S. Marshal on December 10, 1947. From right, Robert Adrian Scott, Edward Dmytryk, Samuel Ornitz, Lester Cole, Herbert Biberman, Albert Maltz, Alvah Bessie, John Howard Lawson and Ring Lardner Jr.: Los Angeles Times photographic archive - Digital collections — UCLA Library, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. - Picture 3, Depicts typical U.S. anticommunist literature of the 1950s, specifically addressing the entertainment industry: Myron Coureval Fagan, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. 

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