Emmanuel Chibuzo Okonkwo’s Post

The Open Systems Intercommunication (OSI) Model is a standardized concept that describes the 7 layers computers use to communicate and send data over a network. 7. The Application Layer includes processes that directly involve the everyday user. 6. The Presentation Layer involves data translation and encryption for the network. 5. The Session Layer describes when a connection is established between two devices. 4. The Transport Layer is responsible for delivering data between devices. 3. The Network Layer oversees receiving the frames of the Data Link and delivers them to the intended destination. 2. The Data Link Layer organizes sending and receiving data packets within a single network. 1. The Physical Layer corresponds to the physical hardware involved in network transmission such as modems, hubs, cables, etc. The OSI Model can be seen as a universal language for computer networking. Stay Cyber Smart. #osimodel #osi #opensystemsintercommunication #7layersosimodel #networkcommunication #factotums #yaguardian

NSA | Cisco Password Types: Best Practices 👇 https://lnkd.in/ey52cT88

Today, the new lesson I am gonna be sharing will be related to the OSI Model. It's a brief description of what is the working of each layer and which layer uses which protocols to make it easier and understandable to everyone and especially for the beginners!!!!! OSI - stands for Open System Interconnection (Model) There are 7 layers of OSI Model. 7. Application Layer - Network Process to application. End User Layer. HTTP, FTP, SSH, DNS. 6. Presentation Layer: Data Representation and Encryption. Syntax Layer. SSL, IMAP, MPEG. 5. Session Layer: Interhost Communication. Sync and Send to port. API's, Socket, Winsock. 4. Transport Layer: End-to-End Connections and Reliability. End-to-End. TCP, UDP. 3. Network Layer: Path Determination and logical addressing. Packets. IP, IPsec, IGMP. 2. Data Link Layer: Physical addressing. Frames. Ethernet, PPP, Switch, Bridge. 1. Physical Layer: Media, Signal, and binary transmission. Physical Structure. Coax, Fiber, Wireless, Hubs, Repeater. This seems a little complex but, I tried my best to make it short, crisp, and easy for you all. So, that you can understand it in a easy way!!!. Hope it may help. If you find it helpful - drop a comment, like, and repost so that it could reach someone in need of this help. Happy Learning y'all!!!!! 😊 #cyber #security #networking #model #OSI #layers #protocols

Integrating Cisco ISE Syslog Messages with Cortex #XSOAR Enhance your #cybersecurity monitoring capabilities with our latest demonstration on integrating Cisco ISE log messages with Cortex XSOAR. This tutorial provides a step-by-step guide to setting up a Syslog listener in XSOAR, configuring Cisco ISE for remote logging, and using custom mapping for precise incident creation. Learn how to streamline your log monitoring process, filter specific security events, and extract key incident data without relying on a traditional #SIEM solution. Ideal for cybersecurity professionals looking to strengthen their network security #posture with efficient log management and incident response techniques.

Understanding the 7 Layers of the OSI Model The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is fundamental for anyone working in networking and software development. It helps break down how communication happens in a network by dividing it into 7 distinct layers. Here’s a quick overview: 7. Application Layer Protocols: HTTP(s), FTP, SSH, DNS, SMTP 6. Presentation Layer Protocols: TLS, SSL 5. Session Layer Protocols: RPC, SDP 4. Transport Layer Protocols: TCP, UDP 3. Network Layer Protocols: IP, NAT 2. Data Link Layer Protocols: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, HDLC 1. Physical Layer Technologies: Coax, Fiber, USB, Bluetooth 👉 Host vs Network Responsibility Layers 7 to 5 (Application, Presentation, Session) = Host Responsibility Layers 4 to 1 (Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical) = Network Responsibility Each layer plays a critical role in data transmission, ensuring smooth, reliable communication across networks. Whether you’re troubleshooting, building new protocols, or just starting in networking, understanding these layers will set a solid foundation for your tech journey. #OSIModel #NetworkProtocols #Networking #TechEducation #Cybersecurity #TCPIP #NetworkLayer #OSI7Layers #TechnologyExplained #NetworkingBasics #QualitySoftwareTechnologies #NetworkSecurity #TechLearning #ITNetworking #SoftwareDevelopment

The Eclypsium research team recently disclosed a vulnerability that allows for arbitrary code execution during boot when Secure Boot is enabled in Getac-branded computers produced in 2016 or later. Our latest blog discusses how threat actors could be specifically targeting the first-responder industries that most often use the rugged computing devices Getac manufactures, and how Eclypsium recommends the threat risks be mitigated. https://bit.ly/4c5cwaI

This 40 minutes video taught me about one-third of my Computer Networking syllabus! Davidbombal's latest video dives deep into Ethernet technology and the different network topologies you've likely encountered before. Ethernet (like the kind running at 10 or 100 Mbps speeds) uses a clever technique called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) to avoid traffic jams on the network. Before sending data, it checks to see if anyone else is already talking to prevent collisions. Remember those network topologies like bus and ring shapes you learned about in school? This video goes beyond the basic diagrams to show you how they work in action, including how to capture traffic within these networks. I would recommend this video if you want to know more!! #networking #topology #internet #ethernet #switch #bridge

As memory architectures become more complex, the potential for vulnerabilities increases. That’s why ARM introduced TrustZone for Cortex-M in 2016, it opened the door to consolidated security measures in embedded systems which is obviously essential in edge devices. But I was surprised because I haven’t seen many industrial applications using it since then, at least in the major projects I joined in a later stage of the development process. The diagram attached is a clear example of how memory can be partitioned into secure and non-secure regions (an stm32u59 in this case). The concept is simple yet powerful—divide your application to protect critical code and data from vulnerabilities. But yet—many embedded engineers tend to overlook the secure part, and that’s a mistake. Let’s talk about what the Secure Zone really is. It’s a designated area in memory where you run your most critical operations, like cryptographic functions or firmware updates. This isn’t just an optional feature—it's essential. By keeping trusted code isolated from non-secure areas where less critical code resides, you drastically reduce the risk of malicious access. This is non-negotiable in today’s applications. And why should we prefer the Secure Zone? For one, it minimizes risk. Secure Zones act as a stronghold for your most sensitive functions, offering robust protection against attacks. Plus, it helps with regulatory compliance, which is crucial in industries like automotive and healthcare. But let’s face it—implementing these secure features isn’t a walk in the park. It takes careful planning, and yes, it can be time-consuming. Some might see it as overhead, especially when under pressure to deliver quickly. But this mindset is short-sighted. The cost of a breach or failure due to poor security can be catastrophic, especially in industrial applications. Security isn’t just an add-on; it’s the foundation of reliable, future-proof systems. #Security #TrustZone #ARM

🚀 Reverse Engineering USB Device Protocols with Wireshark! 🚀 I’ve been working on reverse engineering a USB device, diving deep into its communication protocols and structure. Using Wireshark, I’ve captured some fascinating data packets, and I’m now analyzing them to understand how the device interacts with its firmware. 🔍 💻 Key Highlights: Reverse engineered USB protocol for an embedded device. Analyzed raw USB data captures to uncover device commands and responses. Explored firmware download modes and memory access commands. Used Wireshark to capture, decode, and analyze USB packet structures. This project has been a great learning experience, giving me insight into low-level device communications, protocol analysis, and working with tools like Wireshark and Ghidra. It’s amazing to see how much you can learn by digging into the data that devices exchange! 🔧 Reverse engineering is not just about breaking things down; it’s about understanding how systems work from the inside out. #ReverseEngineering #EmbeddedSystems #USB #Wireshark #Firmware #CyberSecurity #ProtocolAnalysis #Ghidra #LearningByDoing

🔒 Day Nine: Understanding Ethernet and Internet Protocol 🔒 Today, my Cisco Cyber Ops journey focused on Ethernet and Internet Protocol. Here’s a summary: 🌐 Ethernet and Internet Protocol: Ethernet Encapsulation: Packages data with Ethernet frames for transmission. Ethernet Frame Fields: Includes preamble, MAC addresses, type/length, payload, and FCS. MAC Address Format: Unique 48-bit identifiers for network interfaces. 📦 IPv4: IP Encapsulation: Adds an IP header to data packets for routing. IPv4 Packet Header: Key fields include version, header length, TTL, source, and destination IP addresses. 🔢 IPv6: IPv6: Uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for more unique addresses. IPv6 Header: Simplified header with fields like version, traffic class, flow label, payload length, next header, hop limit, source, and destination addresses. Key Points for Beginners: Ethernet Encapsulation: Data wrapped with Ethernet frames. Ethernet Frame Fields: Preamble, MAC addresses, payload, etc. MAC Address Format: Unique 48-bit identifiers. IPv4 Header: Fields for routing and delivery. IPv6: More addresses and simplified routing. IPv6 Header: Key fields for efficient routing. Learn something new today? Share in the comments! 💻🔒 #CyberSecurity101 #NetworkManagement #LearningJourney