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❓How are plants' secondary metabolites different from primary metabolites? Plants produce a diverse array of chemical compounds, but not all serve the same purpose. ☘️ Primary metabolites: These are essential building blocks (sugars, amino acids) directly involved in core growth and development processes. ☘️ Secondary metabolites: These smaller molecules (<3,000 Da) are derived from primary metabolites through various modifications. The chemical nature and composition of these specialized molecules vary greatly among plant species. Unlike primary metabolites, they're not essential for basic plant survival but offer a range of ecological benefits, such as: 🔹 Defense: Deterring herbivores and pathogens (e.g., capsaicin in chili peppers) 🔹 Attraction: Luring pollinators with vibrant colors and scents (e.g., anthocyanins in flowers) 🔹 Stress Tolerance: Protecting against environmental challenges (e.g., antioxidant flavonoids) There are three main categories of secondary metabolites based on their origin: ➡️ Phenolic groups: Composed of simple sugars and aromatic rings (e.g., tannins in fruits, lignins for cell wall support) ➡️ Terpenes and steroids: Terpenes (responsible for fragrance and insect repellency) are building blocks for volatile compounds. Steroids have diverse functions in both plants and animals. ➡️ Nitrogen-containing compounds: These include alkaloids with a wide range of biological activities (e.g., caffeine, nicotine). Do you know a secondary metabolite and its medicinal use? Do share them in the comments, and let's learn from each other! ........... Like this? Follow me for more educational Plant Science content! ........ 𝘐𝘧 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘢 𝘓𝘪𝘧𝘦 𝘚𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘢𝘯𝘺, 𝘭𝘰𝘰𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘧𝘺 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘣𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘥'𝘴 𝘰𝘯𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘦𝘺𝘦-𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘵, 𝘐 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘱! 𝘋𝘔 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘤𝘶𝘴𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘨𝘺 𝘕𝘖𝘞! #plantscience #scienceandtechnology #botany #sciencecommunication #biotechstartups #biotechcompanies #secondarymetabolites #bioactivecompounds #medicinalcompounds #agriculture #plantcompounds #plantbiotechnology #terpenes #flavonoids

🌱 In our ongoing exploration of ento-frass's impact on soil health, we've made some exciting discoveries through our metagenomic analyses. 😲 Adding frass significantly increased the presence of various beneficial microorganisms: fungicide-associated microbiota by 2.7 times, salicylic and abscisic acid associated microbiota by 4 times, insecticide and bactericide agents by 8 times, and nematicide agents by an incredible 220 times! This highlights the diverse benefits our ento-frass brings to the soil microbiome by consistently demonstrating an increase in biocontrol agents.    🐛 This effect is due to frass's composition, which includes 2% insect chitin. As this chitin degrades, microorganisms responsible for this degradation can then also attack nematodes, insects, and pathogenic fungi. We've confirmed these effects in various trials. 💪 One of our trials showed that increased frass doses led to decreased fusariosis and vomitoxins levels in organic wheat. These results echo to other findings from researchers in our network, for instance having demonstrated reduced predation from striped cucumber beetles. 🌿 This summer, we have more trials lined up to showcase the amazing properties of frass. Follow us for updates and contact us to learn more about our incredible organic fertilizer, ento-frass! #organicfertilizer #ento-frass #sustainableagriculture #bsf

🍇 Decoding the Role of Nutrient Dynamics in Fruit Crop Physiology 🌱 Fruit crop productivity is intricately linked to nutrient dynamics, particularly the efficient uptake and utilization of macronutrients like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). The emerging challenge lies in balancing nutrient input to optimize growth while minimizing environmental impact. One fascinating aspect is the interplay between Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria (NFB) and Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB)in enhancing nutrient availability in soils with low fertility. These beneficial microbes: 1️⃣ Convert Atmospheric Nitrogen into Usable Forms: NFB ensures a continuous supply of nitrogen, a vital component for vegetative growth and chlorophyll synthesis. 2️⃣ Solubilize Insoluble Phosphates: PSB facilitates the release of bound phosphorus, enhancing root development and energy transfer within plants. Scientific Breakthroughs: - Research shows that integrating these microbial biofertilizers with reduced chemical fertilizers (e.g., 75% N and P) can maintain or even improve yields while reducing the carbon footprint. - Studies in perennial fruit crops like citrus, apple, and pomegranate reveal enhanced fruit size, better coloration, and increased shelf life due to optimized nutrient assimilation. Future Directions: Advancements in molecular biology and soil microbiome studies are paving the way for precision agriculture. Identifying crop-specific microbial consortia and tailoring biofertilizer formulations can revolutionize nutrient management, ensuring productivity without compromising sustainability. The synergy between science and sustainability is our pathway to resilient fruit production systems. Let’s innovate for a greener tomorrow! 🌍 #HorticulturalScience #FruitScience #Biofertilizers #NutrientManagement #SustainableAgriculture #PrecisionFarming

#Horticulturae - Featured #specialissue Recommendations 🎉 📖SI: #Vegetable #Biofortification: Strategies, Benefits and Challenges 🎓Edited by Dr. Beatrice Pezzarossa and Dr. Martina Puccinelli 👉Find all published papers: https://lnkd.in/gE8_6Cwk Published paper list: - Hydroponic Production of Selenium-Enriched Baby Leaves of Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) and Its Wild Ancestor Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) https://lnkd.in/gregtJ9P - Influence of Different Types of Carbon Sources on Glucosinolate and Phenolic Compounds in Radish Sprouts https://lnkd.in/gqRcpPrg - Farmers’ Intention to Adopt Agronomic Biofortification: The Case of Iodine Biofortified Vegetables in Uganda https://lnkd.in/gPUaWYbg - Iron Biofortification of Greenhouse Cherry Tomatoes Grown in a Soilless System https://lnkd.in/gKBK9e34 - Biofortification of Lettuce and Basil Seedlings to Produce Selenium Enriched Leafy Vegetables https://lnkd.in/geh7RRvH - Efficacy and Comparison of Different Strategies for Selenium Biofortification of Tomatoes https://lnkd.in/gpBz2GBw - Foliar Application of Selenium under Nano Silicon on Artemisia annua: Effects on Yield, Antioxidant Status, Essential Oil, Artemisinin Content and Mineral Composition https://lnkd.in/gQnqG-GQ - Current Acquaintance on Agronomic Biofortification to Modulate the Yield and Functional Value of Vegetable Crops: A Review https://lnkd.in/ge_GhYPX #academic #publishing #MDPI #horticulture #science #scientific

The interesting story of Abscisic acid discovery👇🏻 Cotton plants naturally shed (absciss) most of their young fruits. This interested researchers and growers who wanted to improve fruit yield. 📃 In the 1960s, a team of researchers at the University of California, Davis, led by Frederick Addicott, stumbled upon a surprising discovery while studying the curious case of cotton shedding its young fruits. They were looking for a growth hormone that might be involved in this process, but instead, they found an inhibitor. This mysterious compound not only stopped growth but also triggered the very process they were investigating - fruit abscission. 🌾 Initially dubbed "abscisin II" for being the second player identified in the abscission, the compound was later christened "abscisic acid" (ABA) due to its acidic nature and its wider influence beyond just fruit shedding.  🌱 Soon after, scientists observed a fascinating connection: wilting plants had a surge in ABA levels, and ABA caused tiny openings on leaves (stomata) to close. This double act highlighted ABA's role as a stress mediator, helping plants conserve water during droughts. 🍃 The story doesn't end there. ABA also turned out to be a key player in preparing seeds for survival, promoting the accumulation of nutrients and making them tolerant of dry conditions. While the name "abscisic acid" might suggest a starring role in fruit shedding, ethylene is actually the main character in that play. 💬 If you know of any interesting facts, current research, or interesting applications of ABA in #tissueculture and #agriculture, feel free to share in the comments.  ............................ Like this? Follow me for more #PlantScience content! ............................ 👋🏻 Hi, I am Anjali, and I help Biotech and Life Sciences brands craft compelling website and social media content that drives brand awareness, engagement, and leads. If you are the one, let's chat and discuss your content needs.  #plantgrowth #plantbiology #planthormones #PGRs #plantgrowthregulators #botany #cropyield #Biotechstartups #plantbiotechnology #sciencecommunication #scientificwriting #plants

The reason I had corn that did this and had nitrogen fixing bacteria in the aerial roots is because it is natural to the landrace corns of Peru. Years ago, Jere Gettle gave me a huge amount of Peruvian landrace highland valley corn, and I grew out the purple speckled one successfully (and you all know that story I suppose), but it was that corn you see in this picture. It's also the same corn I shared with Dr. James F. White. It was a gift to me, and Dr. James F. White has done such great work and helped me so much that I felt moved to offer them as a gift. I know his work with endophytes is unparalleled, and he'll dig deeper than I can into the mechanics. Years ago I learned an inoculant manufacturer was adding these aerial exudates to his biofertilizer brews - it's just that easy to inoculate a brew: anyone can do this and reintroduce this to corn farming as a whole though it's easier and ideal to just grow the heirloom seeds and re-introduce these microbes if they are not still present and skip the dead and sterilized modern hybrids and GMO abominations. The fact is all corn originated in Peru and Mexico (you all can fight over who was 1st, but I think there was regular and high volume trade and travel between those bioregions that made it so it is hard to tell who was 1st) - they all started out with this ability. These microbes co-evolved with these plants - that's the most important thing to take on: we are simply returning nature to itself when we reintroduce the correct biologyy. That's what my work with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is all about as well - returning symbiotes to their co-evolved partnerships. Returning the internal microbiome to plants - much like probiotics and prebiotics for our own gut biomes. This work is logical and self-evident once we can align our thinking with the natural cycles at work. This is a page from Regenerative Soil - get your copy today: https://lnkd.in/eQtcE7H4

If you’re attending the Guelph Organic Conference this Friday & Saturday, EcoTea is sponsoring the coffee station! Make sure to grab a coffee, grab a pamphlet and take some time to learn more about how EcoTea can help your farm!   #GuelphOrganicConference2025 #OrganicFarming #coffee #guelph #organics #EcoTea #SoilBiology #SoilHealth #SustainableFarming #SoilScience #LivingSoil #SoilMicrobes #HealthySoils #SoilHealthMatters #Agroecology #SustainableFarming #RegenerativeAgriculture #Regenerative #OrganicFarming #SoilRegen #SoilInnovation #AgTech

📃Scientific paper: Types of vegetables shape composition, diversity, and co-occurrence networks of soil bacteria and fungi in karst areas of southwest China Abstract: Background Microorganisms are of significant importance in soil. Yet their association with specific vegetable types remains poorly comprehended. This study investigates the composition of bacterial and fungal communities in soil by employing high-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA genes and ITS rRNA genes while considering the cultivation of diverse vegetable varieties. Results The findings indicate that the presence of cultivated vegetables influenced the bacterial and fungal communities leading to discernible alterations when compared to uncultivated soil. In particular, the soil of leafy vegetables (such as cabbage and kale) exhibited higher bacterial α-diversity than melon and fruit vegetable (such as cucumber and tomato), while fungal α-diversity showed an inverse pattern. The prevailing bacterial phyla in both leafy vegetable and melon and fruit vegetable soils were Proteobacteria , Acidobacteriota , Actinobacteriota , and Chloroflexi. In leafy vegetable soil, dominant fungal phyla included Ascomycota , Olpidiomycota , Mortierellomycota , and Basidiomycota whereas in melon and fruit vegetable soil. Ascomycota , Mortierellomycota , Basidiomycota , and Rozellomycota held prominence. Notably, the relative abundance of Ascomycota was lower in leafy vegetable soil compared to melon and fruit vegetable soil. Moreover, leafy vegetable soil exhibited a more complex and stable co-occurrence network in comparison to melon and fruit vegetable soil. Conclusion The find... Continued on ES/IODE ➡️ https://etcse.fr/h8s ------- If you find this interesting, feel free to follow, comment and share. We need your help to enhance our visibility, so that our platform continues to serve you.

Eating potato? A very nice review article on potato food chemistry and molecular biology entitled "Potato steroidal glycoalkaloids: properties, biosynthesis, regulation and genetic manipulation" is published in Molecular Horticulture (indexed by SCIE with IF of 10) (https://lnkd.in/eMpuJfiQ)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, facilitating nutrient exchange. In your schematic representation, you would illustrate: 1. **Root Depletion Zone**: Show the area surrounding the plant root where nutrients have been depleted. 2. **Hyphae Extension**: Illustrate AM fungal hyphae extending from this zone into the root, emphasizing their branching structure. 3. **Arbuscules**: Within the plant root, depict arbuscules, the structures where nutrient exchange occurs. 4. **Nutrient Exchange**: Include arrows or labels indicating the flow of carbon from the plant to the fungi and nutrients (like phosphorus) from the fungi to the plant. This diagram should clearly convey the functional relationship and spatial dynamics between the mycorrhizal fungi and the plant host. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •name :- abhi baraiya •mail I'd:- abhibaraiya94@gimail.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #ai #agri #bio #organic #fertilizer #vam #controlreleasefertilizer #soilmonitoring #EcoAgriculture #BiologicalFertilizers #GreenFertilizer #Microbiallnoculants #agriculture #Innovation #Technology #Future #sustainability #productivity #businessintelligence #artificialintelligence #automation #food #sustainable #export #import