Lucian Dragan’s Post

"sonra" ( after ) in Turkish ... used as fix postposition ( after word ) ... I remind you : ABLATIVE case ( from, through, than ) in Turkish ... place as suffix ( end of word ) according to 2 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of word is : [ a, ı, o, u ] -> it receives case suffix "dan" [ e, i, ö, ü ] -> it receives case suffix "den" If the word contains also AS LAST CONSONANT : f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p "dan" changes in "tan" & "den" changes in "ten" ...

ABLATIVE case ( from, through, than ) in Turkish ... place as suffix ( after word ) according to 2 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of word is : [ a, ı, o, u ] -> it receives case suffix "dan" [ e, i, ö, ü ] -> it receives case suffix "den" If the word contains also AS LAST CONSONANT : f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p "dan" changes in "tan" & "den" changes in "ten" ...

Reminder - 4 vowel harmony ... if in LAST syllable, the LAST appearing vowel of word is : a, ı suffix will get "ı" ... o, u suffix will get "u" ... e, i suffix will get "i" ... ö, ü suffix will get "ü" ... As you can see the 8 vowels are grouped by 2 resulting 4 ways of vowel harmony ... here examples after verb root/radical/stem + after fix tense marker ...

"önce", read "c" as "g" ( before ) in Turkish ... used as fix postposition ( after word ) ... I remind you : ABLATIVE case ( from, through, than ) in Turkish ... place as suffix ( end of word ) according to 2 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of word is : [ a, ı, o, u ] -> it receives case suffix "dan" [ e, i, ö, ü ] -> it receives case suffix "den" If the word contains also AS LAST CONSONANT : f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p "dan" changes in "tan" & "den" changes in "ten" ...

Examples - NEGATIVE of SIMPLE/DEFINITE PAST tense in Turkish ... radical/root/stem of verb ( without infinitiv endings "mak" or "mek" ) + negative suffix + specific suffix for this tense + personal markers/suffixes for this tense ... NEGATIVE suffix for this tense, according to 2 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of verb' stem is : [ a, ı, o, u ]-> it receives suffix "ma" [ e, i, ö, ü ] -> it receives suffix "me" SPECIFIC suffix for this tense will be ADDED after negative suffix, according to NEXT 2 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of verb' stem is : ma -> [ a, ı, o, u ] -> it receives tense suffix "dı" me -> [ e, i, ö, ü ] -> it receives tende suffix "di" PERSONAL markers/suffixes for this tense will be ADDED after specific suffix for this tense ( 3 fix forms & 1 variable according to 2 vowel harmony, 2nd person plural & 1 variable according to 2 vowel harmony, 3rd person plural ) ... - m - k - n - nız [ a, ı, o, u ] / niz [ e, i, ö, ü ] - - - lar [ a, ı, o, u ] / ler [ e, i, ö, ü ]

ACCUSATIVE case ( marking direct objects, equivalent of definite article "the" ) in Turkish ... place as suffix ( after word ) according to 4 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of word is : [ a, ı ] -> it receives case suffix "(y)ı" [ o, u ] -> it receives case suffix "(y)u" [ e, i ] -> it receives case suffix "(y)i" [ ö, ü ] -> it receives case suffix "(y)ü" In case of 2 ending vocals, there will be the BUFFER letter "y" ...

NEGATIVE of SIMPLE/DEFINITE PAST tense in Turkish ... radical/root/stem of verb ( without infinitiv endings "mak" or "mek" ) + negative suffix + specific suffix for this tense + personal markers/suffixes for this tense ... NEGATIVE suffix for this tense, according to 2 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of verb' stem is : [ a, ı, o, u ]-> it receives suffix "ma" [ e, i, ö, ü ] -> it receives suffix "me" SPECIFIC suffix for this tense will be ADDED after negative suffix, according to NEXT 2 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of verb' stem is : ma -> [ a, ı, o, u ] -> it receives tense suffix "dı" me -> [ e, i, ö, ü ] -> it receives tende suffix "di" PERSONAL markers/suffixes for this tense will be ADDED after specific suffix for this tense ( 3 fix forms & 1 variable according to 2 vowel harmony, 2nd person plural & 1 variable according to 2 vowel harmony, 3rd person plural ) ... - m - k - n - nız [ a, ı, o, u ] / niz [ e, i, ö, ü ] - - - lar [ a, ı, o, u ] / ler [ e, i, ö, ü ]

NEGATIVE of SIMPLE/DEFINITE PAST tense in Turkish ... radical/root/stem of verb ( without infinitiv endings "mak" or "mek" ) + negative suffix + specific suffix for this tense + personal markers/suffixes for this tense ... NEGATIVE suffix for this tense, according to 2 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of verb' stem is : [ a, ı, o, u ]-> it receives suffix "ma" [ e, i, ö, ü ] -> it receives suffix "me" SPECIFIC suffix for this tense will be ADDED after negative suffix, according to NEXT 2 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of verb' stem is : ma -> [ a, ı, o, u ] -> it receives tense suffix "dı" me -> [ e, i, ö, ü ] -> it receives tende suffix "di" PERSONAL markers/suffixes for this tense will be ADDED after specific suffix for this tense ( 3 fix forms & 1 variable according to 2 vowel harmony, 2nd person plural & 1 variable according to 2 vowel harmony, 3rd person plural ) ... - m - k - n - nız [ a, ı, o, u ] / niz [ e, i, ö, ü ] - - - lar [ a, ı, o, u ] / ler [ e, i, ö, ü ]

GENITIVE case ( of ) in Turkish ... place as suffix ( after word ) according to 4 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of word is : [ a, ı ] -> it receives case suffix "(n)ın" [ o, u ] -> it receives case suffix "(n)un" [ e, i ] -> it receives case suffix "(n)in" [ ö, ü ] -> it receives case suffix "(n)ün" In case of 2 ending vocals, there will be the BUFFER letter "n" ...

AFIRMATIVE of PRESENT PROGRESSIVE tense in Turkish ... radical/root/stem of verb ( without infinitiv endings "mak" or "mek" ) + specific suffix for this tense + personal suffixes for this tense ... SPECIFIC suffix for this tense, according to 4 vowel harmony rule -> if the LAST VOWEL of verb' stem is : [ a, ı ] -> it receives suffix "(ı)yor" [ o, u ] -> it receives suffix "(u)yor" [ e, i ] -> it receives suffix "(i)yor" [ ö, ü ] -> it receives suffix "(ü)yor" PERSONAL markers/suffixes for this tense will be ADDED after specific suffix for this tense. NEXT vowel harmony is simplified. "yor", suffix for this tense, belongs to group of vowels [ o, u ] therefore these suffixes will contain letter "u" ... - um - uz - sun - sunuz - - - ( lar )