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📌The Most important questions and answers for any Telecom Engineer to know in this Telecom Field. ◼️What is Microwave link/antenna? Microwave antenna is a physical transmission devices used to broadcast microwave transmission between two or more locations or base stations. ◼️What is BBU? Baseband Unit manages the whole base station, including operating maintenance as will as signal processing. ◼️What is RRU "Remote Radio Unit"? Interfaces with Antenna in one side and with BBU in the another side. •Converts the RF signal into data signal and the vice versa. Filtering and amplification of RF signal. •Decides the coverage of the power capability. ◼️What is the RF Antenna? ORF antenna interfaces with cell phone wirelessly and transmits/receivers RF signals •Decides that shape of the coverage transmits/receivers RF Signais •Decides that shape of the coverage ◼️What does target RSL mean? This means the received signal level, which is the power value to be received form the microwave link ◼️What is the feeder cable? It is a copper cable used to send and receive the signal and transmit it form the cabinet to the antenna ◼️What is the IF Cable? It is also a copper cable, but it is used to transmit microwave signals+the power form the modem cards aligned with the ODU ◼️What does the word alignment mean? This means adjusting the microwave links, so that the best signal is received ◼️What does the word XPIC mean? Cancellation of cross-polarization interference this means sending and receiving data on the same frequency, but using two types of polarization, which are vertical and horizontal to double the speed. ◼️What is the Signal Strength (SS)? Signal strength is a measurement that expresses the quality or value of a particular signal at a certain distance from its source ◼️What is the word SNR? Signal-to-noise ratio, often written S/N or SNR, is a measure of the strength of the desired signal relative to background noise that affects it (undesired signal). ◼️What is Diversity? Diversity scheme refers to a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using two or more communication channels with different characteristics ◼️What is MIMO? Stand for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, it's a wireless technology that increases the data capacity of a RF radio by using multiple transmitting and receiving antennas ◼️What is Fading? Fading refers to the attenuation of the transmitted signal power due to various variables during wireless propagation. These variables can be atmospheric signal power due to various variables during wireless propagation. These variables can be atmospheric conditions such as rainfall and lightning, geographical position, time, radio frequency etc. ◼️What is the Interference? Interference refers to the effect of unwanted signals or noise on the reception of a wanted signal

The Most important questions and answers for any Telecom Engineer to know in this Telecom Field. ◼️What is Microwave link/antenna? Microwave antenna is a physical transmission devices used to broadcast microwave transmission between two or more locations or base stations. ◼️What is BBU? Baseband Unit manages the whole base station, including operating maintenance as will as signal processing. ◼️What is RRU "Remote Radio Unit"? Interfaces with Antenna in one side and with BBU in the another side. •Converts the RF signal into data signal and the vice versa. Filtering and amplification of RF signal. •Decides the coverage of the power capability. ◼️What is the RF Antenna? ORF antenna interfaces with cell phone wirelessly and transmits/receivers RF signals •Decides that shape of the coverage transmits/receivers RF Signais •Decides that shape of the coverage ◼️What does target RSL mean? This means the received signal level, which is the power value to be received form the microwave link ◼️What is the feeder cable? It is a copper cable used to send and receive the signal and transmit it form the cabinet to the antenna ◼️What is the IF Cable? It is also a copper cable, but it is used to transmit microwave signals+the power form the modem cards aligned with the ODU ◼️What does the word alignment mean? This means adjusting the microwave links, so that the best signal is received ◼️What does the word XPIC mean? Cancellation of cross-polarization interference this means sending and receiving data on the same frequency, but using two types of polarization, which are vertical and horizontal to double the speed. ◼️What is the Signal Strength (SS)? Signal strength is a measurement that expresses the quality or value of a particular signal at a certain distance from its source ◼️What is the word SNR? Signal-to-noise ratio, often written S/N or SNR, is a measure of the strength of the desired signal relative to background noise that affects it (undesired signal). ◼️What is Diversity? Diversity scheme refers to a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using two or more communication channels with different characteristics ◼️What is MIMO? Stand for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, it's a wireless technology that increases the data capacity of a RF radio by using multiple transmitting and receiving antennas ◼️What is Fading? Fading refers to the attenuation of the transmitted signal power due to various variables during wireless propagation. These variables can be atmospheric signal power due to various variables during wireless propagation. These variables can be atmospheric conditions such as rainfall and lightning, geographical position, time, radio frequency etc. ◼️What is the Interference? Interference refers to the effect of unwanted signals or noise on the reception of a wanted signal

📍The Most important questions and answers for any Telecom Engineer to know in this Telecom Field. ●What is Microwave link/antenna? Microwave antenna is a physical transmission devices used to broadcast microwave transmission between two or more locations or base stations. ●What is BBU? Baseband Unit manages the whole base station, including operating maintenance as will as signal processing. ●What is RRU "Remote Radio Unit"? Interfaces with Antenna in one side and with BBU in the another side. ○Converts the RF signal into data signal and the vice versa. ○Filtering and amplification of RF signal. ○Decides the coverage of the power capability. ●What is the RF Antenna? ○RF antenna interfaces with cell phone wirelessly and transmits/receivers RF signals ○Decides that shape of the coverage ●What does target RSL mean? This means the received signal level, which is the power value to be received form the microwave link ●What is the feeder cable? It is a copper cable used to send and receive the signal and transmit it form the cabinet to the antenna ●What is the IF Cable? It is also a copper cable, but it is used to transmit microwave signals+the power form the modem cards aligned with the ODU ●What does the word alignment mean? This means adjusting the microwave links, so that the best signal is received ●What does the word XPIC mean? Cancellation of cross-polarization interference this means sending and receiving data on the same frequency, but using two types of polarization, which are vertical and horizontal to double the speed. ●What is the Signal Strength (SS)? Signal strength is a measurement that expresses the quality or value of a particular signal at a certain distance from its source ●What is the word SNR? Signal-to-noise ratio, often written S/N or SNR, is a measure of the strength of the desired signal relative to background noise that affects it (undesired signal). ●What does it mean Rx Sensitivity? Measurement of the weakest signal that a wireless receiver (UE) can receive to decode the data and get the content of it. Received sensitivity is affected greatly by a number of factors such as location, place of the the terminal ●What is Diversity? Diversity scheme refers to a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using two or more communication channels with different characteristics ●What is MIMO? Stand for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, it's a wireless technology that increases the data capacity of a RF radio by using multiple transmitting and receiving antennas ●What is Fading? Fading refers to the attenuation of the transmitted signal power due to various variables during wireless propagation. These variables can be atmospheric conditions such as rainfall and lightning, geographical position, time, radio frequency etc. ●What is the Interference? Interference refers to the effect of unwanted signals or noise on the reception of a wanted signal

Basic knowledge

The Most Important Questions that any Telecom Engineer has to know in this Field. -What does target RSL mean? This means the received signal level, which is the power value to be received form the microwave link. -What is the feeder cable? It is a copper cable used to send and receive the signal and transmit it form the cabinet to the antenna. -What are Fiber Cables used for in Mobile Telecom? First to transmit 3G,4G, 5G signals form the cabinet to the Remote Radio Unit (RRU). Second use is for sending and receiving SDH frame signals, and for some E-band links -What does the word AM mean? It's meaning is adaptive modulation, which is the change in type of modulation in microwave links depending on the change in the state of the channel, BER. -What does the word BER mean? This is the percentage of error that occurs in the data during transmission. -What does the word LOS mean? It's meaning is the line of sight, or in a more correct sense, that microwave links must be in the same line of sight and they are completely in purpose. -What does the word alignment mean? This means adjusting the microwave links, so that the best signal is received. -What does the word XPIC mean? Cancellation of cross-polarization interference this means sending and receiving data on the same frequency, but using two types of polarization, which are vertical and horizontal to double the speed. -What is the Signal Strength (SS)? Signal strength is a measurement that expresses the quality or value of a particular signal at a certain distance from its source. -What is the word SNR? Signal-to-noise ratio, often written S/N or SNR, is a measure of the strength of the desired signal relative to background noise that affects it (undesired signal). -What does it mean Rx Sensitivity? Measurement of the weakest signal that a wireless receiver (UE) can receive to decode the data and get the content of it. Received sensitivity is affected greatly by a number of factors such as location, place of the the terminal. -What is Diversity? Diversity scheme refers to a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using two or more communication channels with different characteristics. -What is MIMO? Stand for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, it's a wireless technology that increases the data capacity of a RF radio by using multiple transmitting and receiving antennas. -What is Fading? Fading refers to the attenuation of the transmitted signal power due to various variables during wireless propagation. These variables can be atmospheric conditions such as rainfall and lightning, geographical position, time, radio frequency etc. -What is the Interference? Interference refers to the effect of unwanted signals or noise on the reception of a wanted signal.

📌 Wireless Concepts in 4G/5G you should Know. 1️⃣ Cell Overshooting : This problem occurs when the transmit power from a cell or site reaches beyond its intended target range and this leads to interference. To mitigate overshooting, RF engineers typically employ techniques such as optimizing cell configuration, adjusting antenna tilt and azimuth etc. 2️⃣ Tilt : This is the way of controlling the beam range in RF systems. It allows network operators to shape the radiation pattern of the antennas to meet specific coverage requirements and ensure efficient utilization of network resources, optimize signal coverage, and improve network performance. 3️⃣ Azimuth : The Antenna Azimuth is the direction that the antenna is pointing (only for directional antennas, not omni antennas). it refers to the horizontal orientation or angle of the sector antenna where the main lobe radiation is focused. This is important for sector and microwave antennas alignments. 4️⃣ BBU : A major components in the RF system , it represents the digital part which is responsible for base band processing, digital signal processing , coding , error correction , QAM , multiplexing and synchronisation , troubleshooting, login and configuration. 5️⃣ RRU : Another important component, called remote radio unit or radio unit. It could be installed beside antenna or in cabinet and it's responsible for signal power amplification and frequency up / down conversation. It is an integral part of wireless communication systems, particularly cellular networks. 6️⃣ RET : This is called remote electrical tilt. It allows adjusting the vertical angle of antenna radiation remotely from NOC. This way a technician does not need to climb the cell tower for physical intervention. It is more flexible than mechanical tilt and could select specific technology or band for tilting. 7️⃣ Beamforming : A technology that allows us to control the beam of the antenna to be focused on specific direction or specific user equipment by controlling the phase & amplitude rather than broadcasting it uniformly in all directions , Its used with 5G & LTE and helps improving Rf signal quality, reduce interference and enhance signal strength. Image credit: Blacktechnologyguys #Telecommuncation #4G #5G #telecom #remoteradiounit

📍Important Information about Radio Remote Unit (RRU) Radio Remote Unit (RRU) is the distributed and integrated frequency unit that connects to an operators network with the User Equipment's (UE's) like Cell Phone and mobile devices. The logical term "distributed and integrated"  is because traditionally the radio architecture for cellular system is based on a single-standalone system (Base Stations) usually installed indoor but now, the cellular architecture is divided. BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is the integration of various radio unit like BBU and RRU. Despite installing only in indoor , radio units are now installed in the tower below the Antenna. The RRU is connected to the base station via the fiber optic link which is bi-directional link. The optical interface link is also known as CPRI(Common Public Radio Interface). CPRI is a interface protocol developed by combination of major telecom equipment's manufacturing company. The RRU helps to reduce the coaxial feed line losses, increase system efficiency and provide high level of flexibility in cellular site construction. Undoubtedly, this helps in upgrading to new equipment's and devices more easily. 📍RRU Functions : ▪︎Acts as a transceiver: transmit and receive the user signals to the base station and vice-versa. ▪︎Provides back to back support and connectivity between user equipment's like power, delay,etc. ▪︎Control and process the EM signals received from the Antenna via Jumper(Hollow Guide). ▪︎Provide interface between two physical link: Optical and EM(Electromagnetic). ▪︎Provide controlling support of the Auxiliary equipment's like RCU (Remote Control Unit) for electrical tilt adjustment generally known as RET (Remote Electrical Tilt). ▪︎Generate and sends the different signals like VSWR, RET, ACT,etc. 📍RRU Hardware Description ▪︎CPRI Port  Here are 2 ports generally named as CPRI0 and CPRI1. However there may be 1's in some model. The name at suffix may vary. Its function is to connect to BBU. ▪︎RF Port We say it as a Jumper port. The number of jumper port may vary with model and company's architecture. At least there is ▪︎ jumper port, one of which is for Tx and another for Tx/Rx. The RF port is connected to the Antenna via Jumper Cable. ▪︎ RET Port There is at least one RET port for connection to RCU. The connector is mostly DB9 in Huawei and may vary with other company's. RCU is connected to the Antenna. RET cable connects the RCU and RRU. ▪︎Power Supply Port There is one port for powering the RRU. Mostly blue and black. Blue is for negative (-) and black is for zero(0). Generally all RRU operates in -48V. ▪︎Ground Port There is two OT port for the grounding. The ground cable: mostly copper wire, one end is connected to RRU and another end into Bus Bar near by RRU. Thus it provides the surge and high voltage protection of RRU and thus keeping safe from natural weather and climates. #RRU #Telecom

Mobile System End Point/RF interface (RBS or BTS or Radio Node)

What is Interference in radio links? # Interference in radio links refers to unwanted signals that disrupt or degrade the performance of a communication system. In a point-to-point radio link, interference can cause data loss, slower transmission speeds, and, in severe cases, complete signal loss. Managing and mitigating interference is crucial to ensure reliable and stable communication, especially in environments where multiple devices share similar frequency bands. Types of Interference in Radio Links: 1.Co-channel Interference (CCI): -Occurs when two or more transmitters operate on the same frequency channel, causing signals to overlap and interfere with each other. -Common in wireless communication networks where many devices use the same frequency band. 2.Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI): -Happens when signals from adjacent frequency channels overlap due to imperfect filtering in the transmitters or receivers. -Typically occurs when frequency channels are placed too close together, or when one signal is much stronger than the other. 3.Multipath Interference: -Occurs when a transmitted signal reaches the receiver through multiple paths (due to reflection, diffraction, or scattering), causing signal phase shifts and distortions. -Can result in fading or signal cancellation if the multiple signal copies interfere destructively. 4.Cross-Polarization Interference: -Happens when signals transmitted on different polarizations (vertical or horizontal) interfere with each other. -Common in systems using dual-polarized antennas that are not perfectly aligned, leading to leakage between polarizations. 5.Intermodulation Interference: -Caused by non-linearities in transmitters or receivers, leading to the creation of spurious frequencies (intermodulation products) that interfere with the desired signal. -Typically occurs when multiple transmitters operate close together and the equipment produces undesired harmonic signals. 6.Environmental Interference: -Interference caused by physical factors such as trees, buildings, mountains, or weather conditions (rain, snow, fog) that reflect or scatter the radio signal. -This type of interference can lead to signal fading or attenuation, especially over long distances. 7.Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): -Caused by other electronic devices, power lines, or industrial machinery emitting electromagnetic waves that interfere with radio communication. -Can come from a variety of sources, including microwave ovens, motors, or even other nearby communication systems. 8.Interference from Unlicensed Devices: -In frequency bands that are unlicensed (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz), multiple devices (Wi-Fi routers, Bluetooth devices, etc.) can operate on the same frequencies, leading to interference. Symptoms of Interference: -Signal degradation: Reduced signal quality or strength (e.g., lower signal-to-noise ratio). -Increased latency: Delays in data transmission due to frequent retransmissions.

📍Important Information about Radio Remote Unit (RRU) Radio Remote Unit (RRU) is the distributed and integrated frequency unit that connects to an operators network with the User Equipment's (UE's) like Cell Phone and mobile devices. The logical term "distributed and integrated"  is because traditionally the radio architecture for cellular system is based on a single-standalone system (Base Stations) usually installed indoor but now, the cellular architecture is divided. BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is the integration of various radio unit like BBU and RRU. Despite installing only in indoor , radio units are now installed in the tower below the Antenna. The RRU is connected to the base station via the fiber optic link which is bi-directional link. The optical interface link is also known as CPRI(Common Public Radio Interface). CPRI is a interface protocol developed by combination of major telecom equipment's manufacturing company. The RRU helps to reduce the coaxial feed line losses, increase system efficiency and provide high level of flexibility in cellular site construction. Undoubtedly, this helps in upgrading to new equipment's and devices more easily. 📍RRU Functions : ▪︎Acts as a transceiver: transmit and receive the user signals to the base station and vice-versa. ▪︎Provides back to back support and connectivity between user equipment's like power, delay,etc. ▪︎Control and process the EM signals received from the Antenna via Jumper(Hollow Guide). ▪︎Provide interface between two physical link: Optical and EM(Electromagnetic). ▪︎Provide controlling support of the Auxiliary equipment's like RCU (Remote Control Unit) for electrical tilt adjustment generally known as RET (Remote Electrical Tilt). ▪︎Generate and sends the different signals like VSWR, RET, ACT,etc. 📍RRU Hardware Description ▪︎CPRI Port  Here are 2 ports generally named as CPRI0 and CPRI1. However there may be 1's in some model. The name at suffix may vary. Its function is to connect to BBU. ▪︎RF Port We say it as a Jumper port. The number of jumper port may vary with model and company's architecture. At least there is ▪︎ jumper port, one of which is for Tx and another for Tx/Rx. The RF port is connected to the Antenna via Jumper Cable. ▪︎ RET Port There is at least one RET port for connection to RCU. The connector is mostly DB9 in Huawei and may vary with other company's. RCU is connected to the Antenna. RET cable connects the RCU and RRU. ▪︎Power Supply Port There is one port for powering the RRU. Mostly blue and black. Blue is for negative (-) and black is for zero(0). Generally all RRU operates in -48V. ▪︎Ground Port There is two OT port for the grounding. The ground cable: mostly copper wire, one end is connected to RRU and another end into Bus Bar near by RRU. Thus it provides the surge and high voltage protection of RRU and thus keeping safe from natural weather and climates. #RRU #Telecom