Will the Fed Put the Soft Landing in Jeopardy at Jackson Hole?

“It aint over till it’s over” — Yogi Berra

Chairman Powell should take a victory lap at the Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium on August 24-26. After raising the target fed funds rate 11 times since March 2022, the Federal Reserve (Fed) has defied the odds and engineered an economic soft landing for only the fourth time in history.

But the Fed likely isn’t convinced inflation has been beaten. As a result, there won’t be any curtain calls at Jackson Hole. Instead, investors should expect more tough talk from Chairman Powell that the Fed is more committed than ever to defeating inflation.

That work will be complicated by the Fed underestimating the impact of structural changes to the labor market that could keep inflation above 2% and put the soft landing in jeopardy.

Taking Stock of Today’s Soft Landing

Despite universal recession expectations, the US economy expanded in the first two quarters of the year. The latest estimate from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s GDPNow third quarter forecast is a whopping 5.8%.¹  

The US economy has added more than 1.8 million jobs in the first seven months of the year, averaging 258,000 each month. The unemployment rate of 3.5% remains at a more than 50-year low.²

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) has plummeted from a peak of 9.1% in June 2022 to 3.2% in July 2023.³ In fact, super core inflation, a new favorite Fed measure that gauges services inflation excluding volatile food, energy, and shelter costs is trending near 2% on a 3-month annualized basis.⁴

Perhaps most importantly when it comes to inflation data, the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index released on August 11 revealed that both 1-year and 5-year consumer inflation expectations fell.⁵ Thankfully, consumer inflation expectations remain anchored.

Meanwhile, interest rate sensitive parts of the economy like housing and manufacturing have stabilized, adapting to the higher rate environment. And, after three straight quarters of negative earnings-per-share (EPS) growth, S&P 500 companies’ earnings may have finally bottomed. According to FactSet, analysts are forecasting positive earnings growth for the final two quarters of the year and robust 12.2% earnings growth for calendar year 2024.⁶

Congratulations, Chairman Powell. You did it. This is the soft landing we’ve been waiting for.

Higher Interest Rates and the Economy

The transition from zero rates to higher interest rates, especially with inflation declining, has provided the most unexpected and underappreciated boost to the economy this year. Many consumers and businesses are locked-in at historically low interest rates on their debt obligations. And for the first time this century, consumers and businesses can earn a competitive rate of return on money market instruments.

This operating leverage is bolstering purchasing power at a time when inflation is falling. For example, on August 5, Berkshire Hathaway reported having a growing cash pile of $147 billion at the end of June. At prevailing yields for 6-month Treasury bills, Berkshire Hathaway could earn more than $8 billion annually. Imagine the positive impact to the economy by multiplying this outcome across cash-rich consumers and businesses.

Coincidentally, Apple, Alphabet, Microsoft, and Amazon are among the S&P 500 companies with the most cash — and they are some of the best performing stocks this year. Maybe investors aren’t as dumb as we think.

What’s Next for Monetary Policy and Inflation? 

The economy is growing. The labor market is strong. Inflation is falling. Manufacturing, housing, and earnings may be steadying after brief but manageable bouts of weakness. And consumers and businesses that gorged themselves on cheap debt in the zero interest rate era are now earning piles of money on their massive cash stockpiles. Stock market investors have certainly taken notice and with 10-year Treasury yields at their highest levels in 16 years,⁷ maybe bond investors are finally coming around too.

But most of this soft landing good news is in the rearview mirror and means very little for what happens next in the economy.

Chairman Powell and Fed officials are haunted by the ghost of former Fed Chairman Arthur Burns and the stop and go monetary policy mistakes of the 1970s. And as students of monetary policy history, Fed policymakers know that it took legendary former Chairman Paul Volcker three years and two recessions to finally defeat inflation in the 1980s.

According to Strategas Research Partners, looking across 24 countries and 62 historical inflation episodes, it’s rare for inflation to have only one wave of price surges. Inflation returning in multiple waves is the more common pattern. A second wave of US inflation starts on average 30 months after the first peak. And we are only 13 months past the June 2022 peak in CPI. 

As a result, it may be too early to know with confidence that inflation has been conquered. In late July, Strategas listed 13 factors that included rising oil prices, increasing grain prices, and rallying copper and steel stocks that could signal reaccelerating commodity inflation.

Bottom line, although the Fed’s made considerable progress in the last year to reduce inflation, most measures of inflation, especially the data that the Fed cares most about, are still notably above the average 2% inflation target. 

This puts the Fed in a Catch-22 situation. Has it already done enough tightening to bring inflation back to the target? Or does it need to do more to complete the job? The Fed will likely tighten monetary policy further until it is more firmly convinced that inflation has been tamed. 

Structural Labor Market Shifts Could Thwart 2% Inflation Target

The Fed is looking for labor market weakness to confirm that its tightening is cooling inflation. But today’s labor market remains hot — with more job openings than job seekers and rapidly increasing wages.

For example, according to an August 21 New York Federal Reserve employment survey, US workers want higher-than-ever salaries to take a new job. The minimum acceptable salary offer to switch jobs, the reservation wage, rose to $78,645 during the second quarter. And as employers have tried to keep pace with increasing wage demands, the average full-time job offer climbed 14% in the past year to $69,475.

Meanwhile, at least six structural shifts in labor market dynamics —underappreciated by the Fed —continue to constrain the supply of qualified skilled workers at a time when demand for those workers remains high:

1. More women leaving the workforce. For more than 50 years the women’s labor force participation rate increased, peaking at the turn of the century at about 60%. Since then, the women’s labor force participation rate has fallen.⁸ According to the Women in the Workplace study sponsored by LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company, women leaders are leaving corporate America at the highest rate in years. In fact, the gap between women and men leaving corporate America is the largest it’s ever been.⁹
2. Fewer foreign-born workers. Foreign-born workers’ share of the US labor force reached a new high in 2022. But immigration flows into the US slowed significantly following immigration policy changes from 2017 to 2020 and the onset of the COVID -19 pandemic. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, analysis of state-level data shows that this migration slowdown tightened local labor markets modestly, raising the ratio of job vacancies to unemployed workers 5.5 percentage points between 2017 and 2021.¹⁰ 
3. More Boomers retiring. The number of retirees is growing much faster than the number of new workers. According to the Pew Research Center, between 2008 and 2019, the retired population ages 55 and older grew by about 1 million retirees per year. In the two years following the pandemic, the ranks of retirees 55 and older grew by 3.5 million, significantly exceeding economists’ forecasts.¹¹ This has decreased the supply of labor and, perhaps more importantly, removed much-needed skilled workers from the economy.
4. Growth of gig economy empowering workers. About 36% of US workers, 57.3 million people, were part of the gig economy before the pandemic. By the end of 2024, the number of gig workers is expected to reach 76.4 million people. US gig workers contribute roughly $1.2 trillion to the US economy.¹² How this fast-growing group of side-hustlers is being captured in the labor data is unclear. However, it’s likely contributing to the confusing fact that the labor force participation rate remains subdued in an otherwise tight labor market.

5. Small businesses challenged to find qualified skilled workers. July’s National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) Small Business Optimism Index finds that 42% of small business owners reported that job openings were hard to fill, a historically high level. For months the NFIB report has cited labor quality as the most frequently identified business problem, consistently edging out inflation for the top spot.¹³

6. Labor has the power in an inflationary environment. In a low inflation environment with ample qualified skilled labor, management has little incentive to increase benefits and wages. But in an inflationary environment with a shortage of qualified skilled labor, workers can demand greater benefits and increased pay.

Labor unions make up a much smaller portion of the US labor force today compared to their heydays of the 1970s, but they have been flexing their muscles lately. On August 23, UPS workers officially approved a new 5-year labor deal. The agreement includes big wage increases and improvements to safety precautions and schedules, according to the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.

UPS CEO Carol Tomé said earlier this month that UPS drivers will average $170,000 in pay and benefits at the end of the five-year timeline. The union said the deal is the single-largest collective bargaining agreement in the private sector. Not to be outdone, earlier in August, the United Auto Workers union pressed car companies to give workers a 40% pay hike over the life of the next four-year labor contract.

In an inflationary environment with a shortage of qualified skilled workers, union and non-union workers are in the driver’s seat, pun intended, when it comes to negotiating better benefits and higher wages. That’s a notable departure compared to the last 25 years.

As a result of changes like these six, wage inflation is likely to remain elevated and the job market strong, making it increasingly more difficult for the Fed to defeat inflation. 

Will the Fed Snatch Defeat from the Jaws of Victory?

The Fed knows that weaker labor market data is the key to finally reaching its inflation goal.

But today’s strong job market means that walking inflation measures back from their current levels of 3-5% to the target of 2% will be the toughest part of the inflation journey. 

Haunted by the ghost of Arthur Burns and the stop and go monetary policy mistakes of the 1970s, still stubborn inflation, and structural shifts in the labor market, Powell will likely deliver more tough talk on inflation at Jackson Hole, reaffirming the Fed’s commitment to defeating inflation and asserting that there’s still work to be done. He’ll claim that it’s premature to declare mission accomplished.

Market participants are underestimating the Fed’s resolve to conquer inflation, which might result in an unpleasant interest rate hike surprise or two later this year. The Fed’s stubbornness on bringing inflation back to the arbitrary inflation target — and its inability to graciously accept the soft landing gift that it worked so hard to produce — remain the biggest risks to the economy and market rally.

The range of possible outcomes remains wider than normal. Investors should continue to embrace the benefits of diversification, maximize return on money market instruments while balancing the risks, and consider inexpensive economic recovery beneficiaries such as value stocks, cyclicals, and small caps.

Glossary

Consumer Price Index (CPI) A family of indexes that measure price change experienced by urban consumers. Specifically, the CPI measures the average change in price over time of a market basket of consumer goods and services. The market basket includes everything from food items to automobiles to rent.

Earnings Per Share (EPS) A profitability measure that is calculated by dividing a company’s net income by the number of shares outstanding.

Federal Funds Rate, or Federal Funds Target Rate The overnight interest rate charged by depositary institutions on funds held at the Federal Reserve. The fed funds rate is set by the Fed’s policymaking body, the Federal Open Market Committee, or FOMC.

Inflation An overall increase in the price of an economy’s goods and services during a given period, translating to a loss in purchasing power per unit of currency. Inflation generally occurs when growth of the money supply outpaces growth of the economy. Central banks attempt to limit inflation, and avoid deflation, in order to keep the economy running smoothly.

Leading Economic Index (LEI) The Composite Index of Leading Indicators, otherwise known as the Leading Economic Index (LEI), is an index published monthly by The Conference Board. It is used to predict the direction of global economic movements in future months. The index is composed of 10 economic components whose changes tend to precede changes in the overall economy. Businesses and investors can use the index to help plan their activities around the expected performance of the economy and protect themselves from economic downturns.

Footnotes

¹ Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s GDPNow, August 16, 2023.

² U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Situation Summary, August 4, 2023.

³  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 10, 2023.

⁴  Thomas Simons, “What's Better than Super Core Inflation? The Super Duper Core, of Course!” Jeffries, LLC, August 11, 2023.

⁵  “US consumer sentiment dips in August; inflation expectations improve,” Reuters, August 11, 2023.

⁶  Earnings Insight, FactSet, August 4, 2023.

⁷ Bloomberg Finance, L.P., August 22, 2023.

⁸ Christine Machovec, "Working Women: Data from the Past, Present and Future," U.S. Department of Labor, March 15, 2023

⁹ Caroline Castrillon, “Why Women Leaders Are Leaving Their Jobs at Record Rates,” Forbes, May 7, 2023.

₁₀ Evgeniya A. Duzhak, “The Role of Immigration in U.S. Labor Market Tightness,” San Francisco Fed.

₁₁ Ben Casselman, “Another Big Boomer Effect,” The New York Times, January 11, 2023.

¹²  “The advantages and challenges of the gig economy for workers,” The CEO Magazine, July 28, 2023.

¹³ NFIB Small Business Jobs Report, National Federation of Independent Businesses, July 2023.

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