Fire Alarm Systems 101: A Guide to Operation, Maintenance, and Safety
Oliver Fire Protection & Security
Oliver FPS is a family owned business dedicated to top notch customer service for Fire Alarm, Security & Fire Sprinklers
Article by William Kamp-Helverson
A fire alarm system is an essential safety feature in buildings, designed to detect and alert occupants about the presence of smoke, fire, or other hazards. Below, you will find a basic understanding of how to work with a fire alarm system.
Components of a Fire Alarm System
Some of the basic components of a fire alarm system are detection devices, control panels, notification devices, and manual pull stations.
The most common detection devices include smoke detectors, which identify smoke in the air; heat detectors, which trigger the alarm when a certain temperature is exceeded; and flame detectors, which identify flames by detecting radiation from fire.
One of the most important parts of a fire alarm system is the control panel. Often referred to as the brain of the system, the control panel receives signals from detectors, activates the alarm, and communicates the status and location of a potential fire.
Another critical but often overlooked part of a fire alarm system is the notification devices. Sounders or bells produce an alarm sound to alert occupants, while strobe lights flash to visually alert people, particularly in noisy environments.
Manual pull stations are perhaps the most recognizable component of a fire alarm system. They allow individuals to manually trigger the alarm if they notice a fire.
Finally, the power supply is a crucial component. It ensures the system operates continuously and reliably, even during power outages, thanks to backup batteries.
A fire alarm system starts with detection. When smoke, heat, or flame is detected by a sensor (e.g., smoke detector or heat sensor), it sends a signal to the control panel.
After the signal is sent to the control panel, it needs to be processed. The control panel processes the incoming signal and checks whether it’s an actual emergency. It determines the cause (smoke, heat, or flame) and whether the alarm should be triggered.
After the signal is processed, the system goes into alarm/is activated. If the system confirms an emergency, it sends a signal to the notification devices (bells, lights) to alert the building's occupants.
Finally, once the alarm is activated, people need to evacuate. The fire alarm system alerts people to evacuate immediately. It may also trigger automatic systems like sprinklers or unlock doors for easier exit.
Basic Fire Alarm System Operations
Regular testing is essential to ensure the system is functioning properly. Smoke detectors, heat sensors, and manual pull stations should be tested periodically to confirm that the system will activate in the event of an emergency. Testing usually involves simulating smoke or heat in front of detectors or manually triggering call points.
Regular maintenance includes checking detectors, replacing batteries in backup power supplies, ensuring notification devices are working, and cleaning sensors to prevent false alarms.
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting a fire alarm system is an essential skill to ensure the system operates correctly and effectively in the event of an emergency. Fire alarm systems are complex, comprising various components such as detectors, control panels, notification devices, and power supplies.
When a malfunction occurs, it’s important to identify the cause quickly to restore the system to full functionality. Some common issues include:
Understanding how to operate and maintain a fire alarm system ensures that it functions effectively in the event of a fire emergency. Regular testing, maintenance, and knowledge of the components will help prevent false alarms and ensure safety. Always adhere to local regulations for fire safety and alarm system testing.