Illuminating the past: Office lighting through the decades (Part 2)

In Part 1 of our exploration of office lighting, we traced its evolution from the 1920s to the 1970s, through the early adoption of incandescent and fluorescent lighting, and the rise of open-plan and cellular offices. As we moved into the 1980s and beyond, office lighting continued to adapt to technological advancements and changing workplace cultures.

1980s-1990s: The age of cubicles and compact fluorescents

The rise of the cubicle farm reached its dystopian limits during the 1980s. This was an era where computers became mainstream in the office, while laptops became a symbol of status. Cubicles, originally intended to improve office layouts, ended up cramming workers into small, uninspiring spaces with tall panels that blocked light, undermining their original purpose of flexibility.  

At the same time, the introduction of computers in the office led to new challenges in office lighting. The widespread use of computer screens created the need for glare control, which resulted in the development of the CIBSE Technical Memorandum (9) in the UK. This memorandum led to the adoption of dark light louvre luminaires, designed to minimise reflections on computer screens. However, in focusing on reducing glare, other important lighting qualities, such as colour rendering, were often neglected.

The 1990s brought further technological advancements, particularly the rise of the internet and mobile technology. These innovations shifted the way people worked, with telecommuting and outsourcing becoming more common. As a result, office design began to move away from rigid cubicle layouts, and companies like Google revolutionised office design by prioritising collaboration and flexibility over structure. This shift laid the groundwork for the more fluid office environments that would emerge in the 2000s.

2000-2010: The LED revolution

The early 2000s marked a significant turning point in office lighting with the advent of LED technology. LEDs offer numerous advantages over traditional lighting options, including improved energy efficiency, longer lifespans, and greater flexibility in design. One of the key benefits of LEDs was their ability to provide precise control over light quality and intensity, allowing designers to create lighting systems that were both functional and aesthetically pleasing.

LEDs also allowed for more innovative lighting designs. With traditional lighting, designers often had to shape products around the specific lamps being used. However, LEDs eliminated this constraint, enabling lighting to blend more seamlessly with the overall design of a building. By the early 2010s, affordable LED bulbs had become the preferred choice in both homes and offices, offering the warm glow of traditional bulbs while using 80-90% less energy and lasting over 25,000 hours.

As tech giants like Apple and Google continued to popularise casual office designs, open-plan layouts became fashionable once again. However, these designs often led to distractions and reduced privacy, prompting a shift towards activity-based working. Inspired by Herman Miller’s 1960s Action Office, this approach focused on creating adaptable, collaborative spaces that could be reconfigured to suit the needs of different tasks and teams - boosting productivity and employee satisfaction.

2020s: Smart lighting solutions

In the 2020s, smart lighting systems have emerged as the next major innovation in office design. These systems often managed through mobile apps or integrated building systems, adjust lighting based on factors such as natural light levels and occupancy. This not only enhances energy efficiency but also provides personalised lighting solutions that can boost both comfort and productivity.

Smart lighting systems pave the way for a more sustainable future by promoting the responsible use of resources. By allowing users to adjust lighting based on their preferences and needs, smart systems prioritise both individual comfort and environmental stewardship. These systems are becoming increasingly essential in modern offices, where sustainability and employee well-being are top priorities.

The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated changes in office design, highlighting the effectiveness of remote work while underscoring the need for in-person collaboration. As a result, ‘Workplace 3.0’ has emerged, emphasising well-being, sustainability, and advanced technology. Modern offices now offer flexible, activity-based environments that combine quiet zones with collaborative spaces, integrating green design and innovative technology to enhance productivity and employee satisfaction. In many ways, the 2020s are about creating workspaces that are as comfortable and adaptable as the home environment.

The evolution of office lighting

Office lighting has moved on significantly from the dimly lit rooms of the early 20th century. By understanding this evolution, interior designers can gain valuable insights that can help them craft workspaces that are not only functional and stylish but also cater to the needs of today’s workforce. The history of office lighting highlights one key principle: the success of a company often starts with the well-being of its employees, and that well-being begins with thoughtfully designed office spaces.

[Link] Read Illuminating the past: Office lighting through the decades (Part 1)

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