The Impact of Tilt Angles on Photovoltaic (PV) Panel Thermal Failures

As solar energy continues to emerge as a key renewable energy solution, optimizing the performance and safety of photovoltaic (PV) systems becomes increasingly important. A recent study conducted by researchers from China and Italy has highlighted the significance of tilt angles in the thermal performance of PV panels, particularly in fire conditions. Their research suggests that when the tilt angle exceeds 30 degrees, the time to thermal failure increases significantly, which has implications for both safety and longevity of solar panels. For regions like Kenya, where solar power adoption is rapidly expanding, understanding these findings can guide the design of more efficient and safer solar power systems. This blog post delves into the research findings and explores how tilt angles influence PV panel performance, with a specific focus on the Kenyan context.

The Research Study: Tilt Angles and Thermal Failures of PV Panels

A group of researchers from China’s University of Science and Technology and Italy’s University of Trieste conducted a study to examine the effect of different tilt angles on the thermal failure of PV panels. Their primary objective was to understand how variations in tilt could influence the thermal breakdown of photovoltaic modules when subjected to fire-like conditions. As PV panels are composed of glass, a material that is prone to cracking under thermal stress, the study was particularly focused on how temperature fluctuations could lead to panel failure. When glass cracks in a PV system, it exposes the internal components to fire, allowing the combustible materials within the panel to catch fire, which can cause a cascading failure of the entire system.

The researchers set up a controlled experiment where a radiant propane-fired panel provided a uniform thermal source. The PV modules, mounted at different tilt angles (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°), were exposed to this thermal source. The goal was to track the glass breakage, surface temperatures, heat flux, and failure characteristics under these different conditions. They also used a finite element method (FEM) model to simulate the system and validate the experimental results. The findings were significant: the researchers discovered that the time to failure increased as the tilt angle rose beyond 30°. Specifically, the average time for the first failure increased from 36 seconds at 0° to 71 seconds at 60°.

Why Tilt Angles Matter in Solar PV System Design

The study’s findings underscore the importance of tilt angles in PV system design, particularly when it comes to thermal management. PV panels absorb heat, and the way this heat is distributed across the panel’s surface can significantly affect its performance and durability. Tilt angles directly influence the amount of sunlight a panel receives, and they also affect the distribution of thermal energy on the surface of the panel. When a panel is tilted at a higher angle, it can spread the heat more evenly, potentially reducing the likelihood of hot spots that could lead to cracking or other types of thermal failures.

From a fire safety perspective, the research demonstrated that tilt angles above 30° helped delay thermal failure, which is crucial in preventing rapid escalation of fire hazards. In the event of a fire, the glass layer of the PV panel can crack, exposing the inner components to oxygen and further exacerbating the risk of fire. A higher tilt angle appears to provide more time before such an event occurs, thereby offering a potential safety advantage in areas where fire risks are a concern.

Applying the Findings to Solar Power Installations in Kenya

Kenya is one of the leading countries in Africa in terms of solar power adoption. The country’s vast solar potential, particularly in rural and off-grid areas, has made solar power an attractive energy solution. With the growing demand for solar systems, it becomes essential to consider all factors that can influence system performance, including the design and placement of solar panels. One critical factor is the tilt angle, which can directly impact the efficiency and longevity of the system.

Kenya’s geographical location near the equator means that the country receives high levels of solar radiation throughout the year. As a result, the tilt angle of solar panels needs to be optimized to capture this abundant sunlight. The optimal tilt angle will vary depending on the specific region within Kenya, the time of year, and the purpose of the installation. For example, installations designed for off-grid systems or residential purposes may benefit from different tilt angles than large-scale commercial systems. However, the research’s findings suggest that tilt angles between 30° and 45° are generally optimal for PV systems in Kenya, as this range helps balance maximum sunlight capture and safety.

In addition to optimizing for solar efficiency, the study’s results emphasize the importance of fire safety considerations. While Kenya is not prone to large-scale wildfires, there are still localized risks, particularly in rural areas where electrical faults or accidental fires can occur. By adopting tilt angles of 30° to 45°, solar installations may help mitigate the risks associated with thermal failure in the event of a fire. This is particularly important when designing solar systems for commercial or industrial purposes, where the consequences of a fire could be far-reaching.

Designing Solar PV Systems with Fire Safety in Mind

The safety of solar power systems extends beyond just the tilt angle. The materials used in the construction of PV panels play a crucial role in determining how well a system will withstand thermal stress. As highlighted in the research, the glass layer in PV modules is particularly susceptible to cracking under high heat, and once the glass breaks, the exposed inner components may catch fire. In addition to tilt angles, the choice of materials, such as the type of glass used, can help reduce the risk of breakage and thermal failure.

The study also examined the role of gas bubbles in the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) layer and the expansion of the tedlar-polyester-tedlar (TPT) layer in contributing to fire risks. These materials are integral to the panel’s construction and can expand or contract under thermal stress. In systems where high tilt angles are used, ensuring that these materials are of high quality can help minimize the risks associated with gas buildup and heat-related expansion.

Moreover, fire-resistant mounting systems should also be considered to further reduce the risk of thermal failure. These mounting systems are designed to withstand higher temperatures and prevent the spread of fire if the PV panel were to catch fire. Combining proper tilt angles with robust mounting systems and high-quality materials can significantly enhance the overall safety of solar installations.

How GeowattPlus Technologies Can Help in Designing Safe and Efficient Solar Installations

At GeowattPlus Technologies, we are committed to providing our clients in Kenya with high-quality solar power solutions that prioritize both efficiency and safety. Our team of experts understands the importance of tilt angles in optimizing solar panel performance, and we ensure that every solar installation we design takes into account the findings from the recent research on thermal failures.

Our services are tailored to meet the specific needs of our clients, whether it is for residential, commercial, or industrial solar systems. We take into consideration factors such as the geographical location, weather conditions, and fire safety risks to design solar power systems that are both efficient and safe. For Kenyan clients, we recommend tilt angles between 30° and 45° to ensure that the panels receive optimal sunlight while also reducing the risk of thermal failure in case of fire.

Additionally, our team uses state-of-the-art software and tools to design and simulate solar systems, ensuring that every installation is optimized for performance, safety, and longevity. From initial consultation to installation and ongoing maintenance, GeowattPlus Technologies is dedicated to providing comprehensive solar solutions that meet the highest standards of quality and safety.

Conclusion

The research on tilt angles and thermal failures in PV modules has provided valuable insights that can help improve the safety and performance of solar power systems worldwide, including in Kenya. As the demand for solar energy continues to grow in Kenya, understanding the relationship between tilt angles and thermal failure becomes increasingly important. By incorporating the findings from this research into solar system design, installers can ensure that their systems are both efficient and durable, providing long-term value to clients while reducing the risks associated with thermal failures and fires.

For expert solar power design and installation services in Kenya, visit GeowattPlus Technologies and let us help you design the perfect solar power system for your needs.

FAQs

1. What is the optimal tilt angle for solar panels in Kenya? For most parts of Kenya, a tilt angle between 30° and 45° is recommended to optimize solar energy capture.
2. How do tilt angles affect solar panel performance? Tilt angles influence the amount of sunlight that solar panels receive, as well as how efficiently heat is managed. Tilt angles above 30° can delay thermal failures, improving system longevity.
3. Is fire a risk for solar panels in Kenya? While fire risks may be lower in Kenya compared to other regions, it is still important to consider the fire safety of your solar power system. The tilt angle and material quality can help mitigate risks.