Importance of STS Operations Management

The STS (Ship-to-Ship) transfer of oil as well as dry bulk cargoes is a fairly common practice these days given the size of the ships having increased four folds in the past few decades. Theories and experience have time and again proven that observance and adherence to proper procedures, given fair weather and sea can result in such a potentially dangerous operation conclude safely
 
Lightering, also at times called ‘Lighterage,’ is considered to be an operation that primarily deals with the transfer of wet and dry cargoes between ships of differing sizes, or how we better know it as a cargo transfer operation at sea between the Mother Vessel and the Daughter Vessel a.m. Lighter Barges or even Lighter Ships.
 
The process is usually undertaken within the facilities of the port, so as to reduce the draught of the vessel for entering the inland waterways of the port or to that effect sit alongside the wharf. Some ports have the process as a part of their routine operations and even have set procedures laid down in their regulations, guidelines & manuals.
 
A STS operation / Lightering between ships is carried out worldwide, viz., US Gulf, Eastern and Western US ports, North Sea areas, West African region, Persian Gulf, S. E. Asian ports being some examples.
 
Although the STS operation and Lightering have most procedures in common which have also been discussed earlier, there’re a few relevant elements that we  feel should not be overseen while engaging in such critical operations.
 
 
1.             Person In Charge
 
Generally, the STS or a Lightering operation is carried out by an operations expert or a STS superintendent or sometimes either of the Ships’ Captains concerned. The idea is to appoint a PIC or person in charge to be a sole commandant, fundamentally overlooking and deciding the important factors for assessing the risks involved and safely completing the cargo transfer operations. Generally the STS expert is an ex-mariner, who will look into supervision, co-ordination and authorization of all the events involved including mooring / unmooring of the vessels. Worldwide, most companies employ specialized agencies that provide such services.
 
2.             Master’s Knowledge and Responsibility
 
The Masters of the vessels, have to be somewhat familiar with the risks involved during wet or dry cargo transfer operations. Sometimes, saving the ship from a disaster by jettisoning the cargo to another vessel (if conditions permit) is also underlined as a lightering operation and at these times, Masters, are the only personnel to decide and judge how safe and sure the operations will be. So, being totally unfamiliar with such operation would be considered acceptable in certain cases, but, being without knowledge is impermissible. The Master is responsible for the safety of the crew, cargo and the environment and should accept his responsibilities as an overall in charge of his team without prejudice.
 
Masters of the ships involved in the Lightering operation must ensure that their vessels have compatible cargo handling equipment, mooring equipment and likewise.
 
Each aspect of such operation is considered to be critical. So, if the STS / Lightering operations in charge rules out or overlooks even minute obstacles faced during ship to ship approaches or even mooring / unmooring the vessels, a mishap could be unavoidable. Hence, considering the risks involved, adherence to the proper procedures is vital. Company, Port and STS Guidelines coupled with usage of specific operational checklists prove to be a great way to ensure risks involved are not overlooked or any safety information left unnoticed.
 
3.             Communication
 
Good and clear communication between the vessels is crucial for efficient cargo transfer operations. Agreeing upon a common mode of communication such as via working marine VHF / UHF frequencies and understanding and communicating via a common language is essential. Communications should be kept brief, clear, concise and be well established for the operations. From confirming the operations’ rendezvous point to engaging into mooring and unmooring activities, and all related communications should be under the PIC’s supervision; better if written contact is established and ascertained via verbal confirmation.
 
 
Communications should include:
 
·      Initial Contact prior approaching for operations
·      Mutually agreed contacting / communicating channels
·      Emergency contact points (Port, Company and National Spill Response)
·      Emergency and ‘Abort’ instructions
·      Relevant international Sound and Day / Night Signals
·      Safety messages transmitted via VHF during the operation
·      Weather messages
 
4.             Mooring / Unmooring
 
Mooring the vessels at sea require a certain amount of competence and so the STS experts are called in to support the Ship Masters and to overlook the mooring operation. Mooring vessels at sea is even more complicated than mooring them alongside berth. Although it doesn’t require special equipment, it does require an efficient hand to safely conclude the berthing / unberthing process. The things to be kept in mind so as to complete such critical operations are as follows. 
 
Appropriately sized tyre fenders namely the Yokohama ones should be deployed either by the mother vessel or the lighter vessel. This will ensure two things, one, avoiding structural damages during ship to ship contact and on the other hand the rubberized tyre fenders will prevent any accumulation of static between the two vessels during the STS transfer process. Fenders also provide to keeping safe distance between the two vessels once they are tied up.
 
Mooring lines used for berthing should be of good construction, material and be resilient enough to absorb all the forces generated during the operation. This will also ensure safe cargo transfer operation.
 
5.             Cargo and Use of Cargo Transfer Equipment
 
It is imperative to understand what cargo is to be transferred from one vessel to another. Compatible cargo equipment must be kept readily available for the operation. Cranes and Derricks should be in working order with their max loads tested and certified, wet cargo transfer hoses should be of relevant size with matching connector couplings and should be of sufficient length and have been tested to max liquid pressure limits.
 
Dangers of transferring harmful cargoes must be made aware to all involved in the operation. Handling such cargoes require special equipment and protective gear. For example, personnel working for large oil tankers Lightering off the US Gulf coast that are usually involved with cargo transfers and which may contain high levels of harmful Hydrogen Sulphide choose to work in a vapour free environment or the crew members of large bulkers carrying out a coal discharge at sea and the crew of the smaller lighter vessels must use equipment that detect harmful levels of methane in the cargo.
 
Use of inert gas as firefighting medium and other similar methods of overcoming emergency situations must be well outlined and understood by the personnel.
 
6.             Weather
 
Decent weather conditions play an important role for all critical marine based operations to be safely accomplished and ‘Lightering’ is considered no different. Sometimes when the cargo transfer is carried out off port / sheltered limits and heavy weather makes a fall, the operations have to be aborted indefinitely amounting to loss in time and money.
 
So a constant vigilant check should be maintained by all involved parties for the weather forecasts and all communication recorded appropriately. Dry Cargo ships may have to stop the cargo operation batten down their hatches during rain adding to additional delays. Weather clauses are hence included in the contract note to protect all parties from paying up either demurrage or dispatch.
 
7.             Operational Checklists
 
Maritime organizations such as ICS or OCIMF and others from around the world have helped in improving industrial safety and have aided in disseminating quality education through a variety of guidelines and recommendations. Following their STS and Lightering guidelines and relevant operational ‘Checklists’ are clearly the best way to get through critical operations, safely. Companies, too, have them in their management system and so do the port authorities.
 
It should be kept in mind that both the vessels involved in the Lightering operation may have different operating procedures and a varied set of personnel handling the operation. Hence, it is strongly implied that all such personnel involved in the cargo transfer operation must be alert and non-complacent to the generic safety procedures on board.
 
Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.