Malware Analysis: GoLo Loader
By: Blake Eakin
Recently the CRU has observed incidents leading to the deployment of Vidar and Lumma infostealers that utilize a loader written in Golang that provides some anti-analysis protection and execution of the final payload via process injection. For tracking purposes, we refer to this loader as GoLo.
Anti-Analysis
Around the end of October and November 2024, GoLo loader began to provide some amount of anti-analysis protection by tracking the cursor position using the GetCursorPos API call. It will continuously collect cursor positions and increment a counter every time the x and y coordinates of the cursor are both different from the last call to GetCursorPos. After it detects the cursor has moved at least 250 times then it will continue with execution. Tracking cursor position has been previously observed as an anti-analysis technique used by Lumma stealer, though this loader is using a much simpler approach.
Most of the samples we reviewed also contained a sprinkling of calls to a function that sleeps for a random, yet minimal amount of time. The use of Golang may be considered an anti-analysis technique, but analysis tooling is starting to become more robust, and it is no longer as obscure to analysts.
Payload Decryption
The process injection payload is stored in the .rdata section of the binary encrypted using AES with GCM. The key is derived from a hardcoded md5 hash. The loader will take an md5 sum of that hash and use that as the decryption key.
Injection Target Selection and Process Hollowing
Several reports that have previously covered this loader or mention its behaviors as a component of Lumma stealer, have commonly identified its injection target as BitLockerToGo.exe. Indeed, reviewing many recent sandbox analyses involving this loader would appear to confirm that, and detections have even been developed around this expectation. However, during our analysis we observed a more complex process for selecting an injection target.
The loader will use the Walk function of the filepath package to traverse the C:\Windows\ directory looking for suitable binaries to target. A callback function is passed to the Walk function that will be called on every item traversed. This callback function will first check if the path passed to it is the path to a .exe file. The loader converts the binary contents of any .exe file it finds into strings of hex representations of each byte and searches for the hex string “4e45544672616d6577”, which encodes into “NETFramew”. It will do the same thing with the decrypted payload and compare whether they both have the same result. If they don’t match in either containing or not containing the string then the loader will not attempt process injection and will continue to traverse C:\Windows\.
Through this we can see that BitLockerToGo.exe is simply one of the first binaries traversed in the C:\Windows\ directory suitable for injection on many systems, particularly Windows sandbox environments. However, if not present or if not the first suitable binary, the loader will happily attempt injection into whatever .exe it can. We do not have full confidence to be able to state why they specifically search for “NETFramew”. The first assumption is that they are attempting to ensure that .NET payloads are injected into .NET binaries, but the presence of that string isn’t a certain indicator of a .NET binary. Though it may be good enough for their purposes and would seem to indicate that the loader was developed with the expectation of using it to deploy a variety of payloads.
An older sample we identified that was submitted to sandboxes around late October 2023 was found to instead traverse the C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\ directory and dropped Redline.
The loader uses process hollowing to inject its payload into whatever binary it finds suitable by calling CreateProcess to start it in a suspended state, then it uses typical calls to NtUnmapViewOfSection, VirtualAllocEx, NtProtectVirtualMemory, NtWriteVirtualMemory, NtSetContextThread, and NtResumeThread
YARA Rule
rule GoLo_Loader {
meta:
author = "ConnectWise CRU"
description = "Detects the presence of the string "NETFramew" represented in hex along with a routine for converting md5 hashes to string representations present in reviewed GoLo samples."
date = "2024-11-21"
version = "1.0"
md5 = "E7AC5891CEEB81B0BB762A7C892B63D2"
strings:
$netframew = "4e45544672616d6577"
$conversion_routine_32 = {0F B6 ?? ?? ?? 89 ?? C0 ?? 04 0F B6 ?? 8D ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 0F B6 ?? ?? 83 FA 20 73 ??}
$conversion_routine_64 = {0F B6 ?? ?? ?? 89 ?? 40 C0 ?? 04 40 0F B6 ?? 4C 8D ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 41 0F B6 ?? ?? 48 83 FA 20 73 ??}
condition:
$netframew and ($conversion_routine_32 or $conversion_routine_64)
}
Indicators of Compromise
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✨️starting my IT journey ✨️
1wThank you for sharing this detailed analysis of the GoLo Loader malware! It's fascinating (and concerning) to see how cyber threats like this continue to evolve and target critical tools like ConnectWise. The breakdown of its obfuscation techniques and attack vectors highlights the importance of staying vigilant and proactive with cybersecurity defenses. From your analysis, it’s clear that detecting and mitigating these threats early is crucial, especially for managed service providers (MSPs) who often handle sensitive data across multiple clients. Implementing robust endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools, alongside continuous threat intelligence updates, seems more critical than ever. Looking forward to seeing how the cybersecurity community addresses and counters threats like GoLo Loader moving forward!🩷💛🧡