November Blue: Prostate Cancer Awareness and Prevention

As we conclude Pink October, focused on breast cancer awareness and prevention, we begin November Blue, a month dedicated to the fight against prostate cancer. These two months highlight the importance of preventive health and self-care, promoting awareness so that men and women incorporate preventive habits into their routines throughout the year, not just in one specific month.

Prostate Cancer in Brazil: Incidence, Mortality, and Diagnosis

Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer among Brazilian men, second only to non-melanoma skin cancer. According to data from the National Cancer Institute (INCA), approximately 68,000 new cases are diagnosed each year in Brazil, and projections suggest that this number may grow with the aging population and increased awareness of early diagnosis.

States with the Highest Incidence of Prostate Cancer

Brazilian states with the highest incidence of prostate cancer are generally the most populous, with a notable incidence in:

1. São Paulo – the highest incidence due to the large population and greater access to diagnostic tests.
2. Minas Gerais – high rates in metropolitan areas and regions with extensive healthcare coverage.
3. Rio de Janeiro – significant incidence, with a comprehensive oncology care network.
4. Bahia – the highest incidence is in Salvador and regions with access to healthcare services.
5. Rio Grande do Sul – high incidence associated with an aging population.

States in the North and Northeast have lower absolute incidence numbers but face challenges in early diagnosis due to limited access to specialized healthcare services.

Mortality and Remission

The mortality rate of prostate cancer remains considerable. Mortality is mainly related to late diagnosis, which increases the risk of cancer progressing to advanced stages. Each year, around 15,000 deaths are recorded due to prostate cancer in Brazil. Men who are diagnosed early, however, have a much higher remission rate, especially in cases that are localized and treated promptly. Studies indicate that the remission rate in cases of prostate cancer diagnosed early can exceed 90%. With proper treatment, many men can live for years without the disease returning.

Prostate Cancer Metastasis

When prostate cancer spreads to other organs, particularly the bones and lymph nodes, treatment becomes more complex, and the chances of cure decrease. Approximately 10% to 20% of cases diagnosed in advanced stages may develop metastasis, with the most severe complications observed when the cancer reaches the bone system, causing intense pain and bone fragility. The detection of metastases is often done through imaging tests such as bone scintigraphy, tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Early diagnosis and regular monitoring, with frequent exams, are essential to minimize the risk of metastasis, allowing for more effective treatment.

Diagnosis and Required Tests

Early diagnosis is crucial to increasing the chances of cure. Diagnostic tools include:

• Digital Rectal Exam – essential to assess changes in the prostate.
• PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) – a blood test that measures PSA levels, which may be elevated in cases of prostate cancer.
• Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging – an advanced exam that allows a better evaluation of prostate tissue and identifies possible cancerous changes.

Technological Advances: Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosis

New technological advances are being applied to prostate cancer diagnosis. Artificial intelligence (AI) has played an increasingly important role, helping to identify minimal changes in prostate tissue and predict patterns of disease development. AI can assist radiologists in analyzing MRI images, increasing the accuracy of diagnosis and speeding up the detection of possible tumors.

Lifestyle and Prevention

Factors such as age, family history, and lifestyle have a significant influence on the development of prostate cancer. Men over 50, or those with a family history of the disease, are at higher risk and should undergo preventive exams annually. Healthy habits can help prevent the disease, including:

• A diet rich in fiber and low in fat – foods like vegetables, fruits, fish, and whole grains may reduce risks.
• Regular physical activity – helps control weight and reduces the risk of various diseases, including cancer.
• Avoid excessive alcohol and tobacco use – excessive consumption is associated with an increased risk of cancer.

Growth Projections and Ongoing Research

With the aging population and growing awareness, the diagnosis of prostate cancer is expected to continue increasing. Conversely, mortality rates may decrease with the spread of preventive campaigns, like November Blue, and advances in diagnostic methods. In Brazil, the Unified Health System (SUS) offers free PSA and digital rectal exams at various facilities, along with treatment if the disease is confirmed. International studies continue to explore new treatment methods, such as gene therapy, which seeks to stop the growth of cancer cells at the molecular level, and immunotherapy, which strengthens the immune system to fight cancer.

Conclusion

November Blue is a period of reflection and action for all men, encouraging the pursuit of preventive care and breaking down taboos associated with prostate cancer. Early diagnosis is the most effective path to a healthy life and reduced mortality rates. Let us all carry this message beyond November Blue, incorporating self-care into our routines and maintaining a balanced life with regular check-ups and preventive exams.