Selecting a Framework for Gender Analysis

What is a gender analysis framework?

A gender analysis framework is a structured approach or tool used to systematically examine and understand the ways in which gender roles, norms, and relations influence and are influenced by policies, programs, or projects. The goal of a gender analysis framework is to identify, assess, and address the differential impacts of these initiatives on women and men, considering their varied roles, responsibilities, and access to resources.

The most commonly known frameworks

Several popular gender analysis frameworks have been developed to guide the systematic examination of the differential impacts of policies, programs, or projects on individuals based on their gender. These frameworks help identify and address gender inequalities, ensuring that initiatives are responsive to the diverse needs and experiences of both women and men. Here are some widely recognized gender analysis frameworks:

Women in Development (WID) Framework:

It originally emerged in the 1970s, emphasizing the integration of women into development projects. The key elements of the framework examine the roles, contributions, and constraints of women, often highlighting their economic participation.

Koczberski (1998) notes that in the early 1970s, dissatisfaction with development efforts in Third World countries prompted a quest for alternative strategies. This period also saw a growing recognition that women, akin to the poor, were marginalized in the development initiatives of major aid donors. The United Nations, in 1972, designated 1975 as International Women's Year, emphasizing the importance of involving women in economic development issues. Over the subsequent two decades, the 'women in development' approach emerged, aiming to acknowledge and integrate women into aid initiatives.

Gender and Development (GAD) Framework:

GAD framework evolved from WID in the 1980s, emphasizing the social, economic, and political dimensions of gender. The key elements of the framework include considering power relations, societal structures. It aims to transform unequal gender dynamics.

Gender Analysis Matrix (GAM):

GAM is a tool that systematically assesses the differential impacts of policies or projects on women and men. It helps identify and categorize gender-specific issues and interventions across various sectors.

The Harvard Analytical Framework:

It was developed by Naila Kabeer, it addresses the intersections between gender, class, and race. It explores how multiple identities intersect to shape individuals' experiences and opportunities.

Capability Approach:

It was proposed by Amartya Sen and further developed by Martha Nussbaum, it assesses individuals' capabilities to achieve well-being. It shifts focus from resources to individuals' abilities, considering how gender roles affect capabilities.

Social Relations Analysis (SRA):

SRA examines power relations and social structures that contribute to gender inequalities. It analyzes how social norms, institutions, and power dynamics shape individuals' opportunities and constraints.

Intersectionality Framework:

It was developed by Kimberlé Crenshaw, it emphasizes the intersecting impacts of various social categories (e.g., gender, race, class). It highlights the unique experiences of individuals with multiple marginalized identities.

Feminist Political Ecology Framework:

It integrates feminist perspectives into the study of environmental issues. It examines how gender relations influence environmental experiences, resources, and vulnerabilities.

Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB):

It evaluates how budgetary decisions impact women and men differently. It analyzes government spending to address gender disparities in resource allocation and public services.

Triple Roles Framework:

It acknowledges the triple roles of women—productive, reproductive, and community management. It examines the intersections of these roles and their implications for women's well-being.

USAID's 6 Domains of Gender Analysis

The Six Domains of Gender Analysis include Access, Knowledge, Beliefs and Perception, Practices and Participation, Time and Space, Legal Rights and Status, and Power and Decision-Making. See PA00WBQ9.pdf (usaid.gov).

How to select a framework?

Selecting a framework for gender analysis involves careful consideration of various factors to ensure its relevance and effectiveness in a specific context. Here are steps to guide you in choosing a suitable framework:

1. Clearly articulate the goals and objectives of your gender analysis. Understanding the specific questions or issues you aim to address will help guide your choice of a framework.
2. Consider the socio-cultural, economic, and political context of the situation or community you are analyzing. A framework that aligns with the specific characteristics and challenges of the context will be more effective.
3. Explore existing gender frameworks and tools. Familiarize yourself with widely used frameworks such as the Women’s Empowerment Framework, Gender Analysis Matrix, or Social Relations Analysis. Understanding their strengths and weaknesses can inform your decision.
4. Involve key stakeholders, especially those directly affected by gender dynamics, in the selection process. Their insights can provide valuable perspectives on the relevance and applicability of different frameworks.
5. Choose a framework that allows for adaptation to different contexts and is flexible enough to capture the nuances of diverse gender issues. A one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable for every situation.
6. Gender analysis should encompass multiple dimensions, including access to resources, decision-making power, cultural beliefs, and institutional factors. Ensure that the framework you choose addresses a broad spectrum of gender-related issues.
7. Recognize the intersectionality of gender with other social categories such as race, class, ethnicity, and sexuality. A framework that considers these intersections will provide a more comprehensive analysis.
8. Assess the availability and quality of data relevant to the chosen framework. Ensure that the framework aligns with the data sources and methods feasible in your context.
9. Consider the capacity of your team and the resources available for implementing the gender analysis. Some frameworks may require specific expertise or resources that may not be readily accessible.
10. Ensure that the chosen framework adheres to ethical principles and respects the rights and privacy of individuals involved in the analysis.

By systematically considering these factors, you can select a gender analysis framework that best aligns with your objectives and the unique characteristics of the context you are studying.

Conclusion

These frameworks offer diverse perspectives and methodologies for conducting gender analysis, allowing policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to choose the most suitable approach based on the context and goals of their initiatives.

References

Anditi, C., Musango, J. K., Smit, S., & Ceschin, F. (2022). Addressing gender dimensions in energy innovations: A gender analysis framework for informal urban settlements in Africa. Energy Research & Social Science, 88, 102476.

Koczberski, G. (1998). Women in development: A critical analysis. Third World Quarterly, 19(3), 395-410.

March, C., Smyth, I. A., & Mukhopadhyay, M. (1999). A guide to gender-analysis frameworks. Oxfam.

Warren, H. (2007). Using gender-analysis frameworks: theoretical and practical reflections. Gender & Development, 15(2), 187-198.