STEPPING STONES 07/24/16 By THE BOMANI GROUP

Volume 2, Issue 29, July 24, 2016

In this issue...

Public Service Announcements

Quote Of The Week: “The Six Mistakes Of Man”

Book Of The Month: “The Gospel Of Barnabus”

by Barnabus (scribe of Jesus) Translated by Lonsdale and Laura Ragg

It’s YOUR Health: Equipment Of A Combat Medic/First-aid kits: Stock supplies that can save lives

Historical Fact Of The Week: Table Of Nations (Sons of Noah)

Editorial Commentary: Coming!

 

Public Service Announcements

• The rechartering for The Head Cornerstone Corporation in the State Of Delaware as well as all updated business licenses and associated issues are forth coming pending litigation. Thank you.
• Visit WWW.Ready.gov at your earliest convenience so that you may be informed of basic protective measures before, during, and after disasters/emergencies, learn disaster prepared activities, training, plans, and what shelters are in or near your community, develop an emergency plan for yourself and your family in the event of an actual disaster/emergency, build an disaster/emergency supply kit including a basic emergency medical/trauma bag in case of an event, and GET INVOLVED!
• Get your CPR (Cardio-Pulomonary Resuscitation) and Basic First Aid/First Responder/Basic Life Support including child birth and Emergency Pediatric Care training today. Check with the American Heart Association at WWW.Heart.org for locations. It may just save a life.
•  It’s a lot of fun and excitement, it’s healthy, it’s a great family activity, and it’s very practical. Find a course in self defense for you and your loved ones and learn to protect yourselves. You just never know.
•  We have the constitutional right to BEAR ARMS and many states have the CCW (Conceal Carry Weapon) License for when you and your loved ones are outside of your home environment. Search the web for free information concerning the Conceal Carry Laws as well as other valuable information. Get the CCW License today (where applicable) for you and your family members of age and LEARN HOW TO SHOOT. You’ll feel better that you did.
•  WATER; it’s very essential for normal body functions and not only carries nutrients to your cells, but flushes out the toxins in are bodies that lead to diseases such as cancers, diabetes, and heart diseases. According to the Mayo Clinic and the Institute of Health, water consumption varies for each person depending on many factors associated with life styles, such as current health, activities, and where you live. Be informed about what your daily intake should be and “drink up”. It will make YOUR world a better place.

Public Service Announcements

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QUOTE OF THE WEEK

The Six Mistakes Of Man

1. The delusion that individual advancement is made by crushing others.
2. The tendency to worry about things that cannot be changed or corrected.
3. Insisting that a thing is impossible because we ourselves cannot accomplish it.
4. Refusing to set aside trivial preferences.
5. Neglecting development and refinement of mind, and not acquiring habits of reading and studying.
6. Attempting to compel other people to believe and live as we do.

(Credited to Cicero in 43 B.C., but believed to have derived from the invasions of Egypt by the Greek around 332 B.C.)

 

BOOK Of THE MONTH

“Gospel Of Barnabus”

by Barnabus (scribe of Jesus) Translated by Lonsdale and Laura Ragg

ASIN: B0050WB9US

 

IT’S YOUR HEALTH

Equipment Of A Combat Medic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Combat Medics must put themselves in greater harm than many other roles on the battlefield. In the type of asymmetric warfare which typifies modern conflicts, the enemy often has no respect for the laws of war and may in fact actively target medics (in addition to officers and radio operators), for the significant value they have in keeping the unit combat-effective. Thus, in most modern forces, medics are armed and do not wear large identifying red cross insignia. A rifle or carbine is standard, often augmented with a sidearm because the medic may have to pass his rifle off to his patient or fellow war fighter in order to treat the wounded.

Arms and insignia

There is actually no requirement to wear identifying insignia or to be unarmed. Geneva Conventions require that Medics use weapons to defend themselves or their patients. To understand this, one must know that litter-bearers fall under the same protection, but are not required to be marked or unarmed. Chaplains can also carry weapons to defend themselves. In Chapter II of the Geneva Convention of 1929 Article 8 states: A sanitary formation (medical) or establishment shall not be deprived of the protection of Article 6 by the fact:

1. that the personnel of the formation or establishment is armed and uses their arms in self-defense or defense of wounded and sick personnel
2. that in the absence of armed hospital attendants the formation is guarded by an armed detachment or by sentinels
3. that hand firearms or ammunition taken from the wounded and sick and not yet turned over to the proper authorities are found in the formation or establishment;
4. that there is found in the formation or establishment personnel or materiel of the veterinary service which does not integrally belong to it

The Combat Medic is commonly referred to as "Doc." Within a combat unit, they function as a member of an infantry platoon up until the point that one of their comrades is wounded. Therefore, the Medic carries basically what a Rifleman or any other soldier carries. His/ Her Basic Equipment is usually:

• An M4 rifle and/or a M9 pistol.
• A MOLLE Vest with a full "combat load," being (most often) 210 rounds for the M-4/M-16 rifle.
• An IBA or Interceptor Body Armor, now being phased out in favor for the newer IOTV;
• The Army Combat Uniform;
• An ACH, or Advanced Combat Helmet.

Medical Equipment

A combat medic will typically carry a backpack styled bag known as a "Unit One Pack". Aid bags are available from many different manufacturers, in many different styles. Depending on the unit and their standard operating procedures, the medic may have to follow a strict packing list, or may have the liberty of choosing their kit depending on the mission at hand. A typical aid bag will include:

Fluid Resuscitation

• IV fluids and tubing. The amount will depend on the length of mission. Normal Saline/Sodium Chloride, Hetastarch/Hextend, and Lactated Ringers(LR) are usually carried.
• 18, 16, and 14 gauge IV catheters.
• FAST 1 intraosseous infusion kit. The FAST 1 is a quick way to administer fluids when peripheral and external jugular venous access is unavailable due to massive blood loss, burns, or loss of limbs.

Hemorrhage (blood loss) Control

• CAT, SOFT-T or improvised tourniquets. Tourniquets are used for the care under fire phase of tactical combat casualty care, to stop massive life-threatening hemorrhage.
• Emergency Trauma Bandages, a newer version of the first aid pressure dressing.
• Kerlix gauze, for stopping hemorrhage, or creating a bulky dressing.
• Hemostatic agents, such as Celox, Hemcon bandages, and others. Some hemostatic agents are controversial due to their thermodynamic nature, which causes collateral damage if the user is not properly trained.

Airway Management

• 14 gauge catheter, at least 3.25 inches long, for needle chest decompression.
• Asherman chest seal, Bolin chest seal or Hyfin chest seal, as an occlusive dressing for sucking chest wounds.
• Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA)w/surgilube or "nasal trumpet." This flexible tube secures a nasal airway when the casualty does not have, or may lose their ability to keep their own airway open. Contraindicated by signs of skull fracture.
• Oropharyngeal Airway, a hard "J" shaped plastic device that secures an oral airway, and can also be used to keep the teeth open for a more permanent airway device.
• King LTD, a simple tube airway with an inflatable cuff to create a sealed airway.
• Combitube, like a King LTD, but designed to be able to function almost no matter how the tube is placed due to the dual lumen tube design.
• Surgical Cricothyrotomy kit. Many different styles and kits exist, the choice is up to the individual medic's supply or preference. The most simple is a scalpel to open an airway, and to use an NPA to keep the airway patent.

Assorted Equipment

• Nitrile gloves
• Alcohol or Providine/Iodine swabs
• Cravats (muslin bandages)
• Assorted gauze bandages
• Band-Aids
• Assorted sizes of tape
• Coban, a stretchy, self clinging wrap/gauze
• Ace Bandages
• Assorted hypodermic needles and syringes
• Combat Casualty Card
• SAM Splint—a flexible, reusable splint with a metal core covered in closed cell foam.
• Water Jel burn dressing
• Small sharps shuttle
• Trauma Shears
• Safety pins

Battlefield Medicine

• Morphine
• Antibiotics
• Narcan, a narcotics antagonist, to counter morphine's respiratory-depressing effects.
• Phenergan, an anti-nausea treatment, which also increases the pain-reducing effects of morphine.
• Epi-pen, epinephrine in an auto injecting "pen" to counter anaphylactic (severe allergic) reactions.

A combat medic is generally expected to care for the needs of the soldiers in his group, including their everyday ailments. A medic will usually carry a small amount of what are referred to as "snivel" or "sick call meds." These are common over-the-counter medications that do not require a prescription.

• acetaminophen (Tylenol), anti-pyretic and pain reducer.
• Naproxen and ibuprofen, different NSAIDs which reduce pain and inflammation.
• Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), an antihistamine with a sedative side effect.
• Pseudoephedrine, a nasal decongestant.
• Guaifenesin, an expectorant.
• Loperamide (Imodium AD) an anti-diarrheal agent.
• Pepto Bismol tablets, to settle upset stomachs, treat diarrhea, and heartburn.
• Colace (docusate sodium), a medium strength stool softener.

A Combat Medic may also carry other supplies as the mission dictates. A stethoscope, blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, otoscope, ophthalmoscope, and thermometer may help the medic treat his/her soldiers or civilians on the battlefield (COBs) while on an extended mission, as space dictates.

 

First-aid kits: Stock supplies that can save lives

By Mayo Clinic Staff

A well-stocked first-aid kit can help you respond effectively to common injuries and emergencies. Keep at least one first-aid kit in your home and one in your car. Store your kits someplace easy to get to and out of the reach of young children. Make sure children old enough to understand the purpose of the kits know where they're stored.

You can buy first-aid kits at many drugstores or assemble your own. You may want to tailor your kit based on your activities and needs. A basic first-aid kit includes:

Basic supplies

• Adhesive tape
• Elastic wrap bandages
• Bandage strips and "butterfly" bandages in assorted sizes
• Nonstick sterile bandages and roller gauze in assorted sizes
• Eye shield or pad
• Triangular bandage
• Aluminum finger split
• Instant cold packs
• Cotton balls and cotton-tipped swabs
• Disposable nonlatex examination gloves, several pairs
• Duct tape
• Petroleum jelly or other lubricant
• Plastic bags, assorted sizes
• Safety pins in assorted sizes
• Scissors and tweezers
• Soap or hand sanitizer
• Antibiotic ointment
• Antiseptic solution and towelettes
• Eyewash solution
• Thermometer
• Turkey baster or other bulb suction device for flushing wounds
• Breathing barrier
• Syringe, medicine cup or spoon
• First-aid manual

Medications

• Aloe vera gel
• Calamine lotion
• Anti-diarrhea medication
• Laxative
• Antacids
• Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine
• Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and aspirin (never give aspirin to children)
• Hydrocortisone cream
• Cough and cold medications
• Personal medications that don't need refrigeration
• Auto-injector of epinephrine, if prescribed by your doctor

Emergency items

• Emergency phone numbers, including contact information for your family doctor and pediatrician, local emergency services, emergency road service providers, and the poison help line, which in the United States is 800-222-1222.
• Medical consent forms for each family member
• Medical history forms for each family member
• Small, waterproof flashlight or headlamp and extra batteries
• Waterproof matches
• Small notepad and waterproof writing instrument
• Emergency space blanket
• Cell phone with solar charger
• Sunscreen
• Insect repellant
• Whistle

Give your kit a checkup

Check your first-aid kits regularly to be sure the flashlight batteries work and to replace supplies that have expired or been used up.

Consider taking a first-aid course through the American Red Cross. Contact your local chapter for information on classes.

Prepare children for medical emergencies in age-appropriate ways. The American Red Cross offers a number of helpful resources, including classes designed to help children understand and use first-aid techniques.

 

(Continued)

 

HISTORICAL FACT OF THE WEEK

Table Of Nations (Sons of Noah)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This T and O map, which abstracts that society's known world to a cross inscribed within an orb, remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography and identifies the three known continents as populated by descendants of Shem (Sem), Ham (Cham) and Japheth (Iafeth)

The Sons of Noah, or Table of Nations, is an extensive list of descendants of Noah appearing in Genesis 10 of the Hebrew Bible, representing a traditional ethnology. According to Genesis, the population of the Earth was completely destroyed during the Flood and Noah and his family were the sole eight survivors to continue and repopulate the human race. Thus the view of history in the Bible is that all humans on Earth are descended from Noah's family.

Contents

1 Table of Nations

1.1 Japheth's descendants

1.2 Ham's descendants

1.3 Shem's descendants

1.3.1 Arpachshad's family (genealogy of Abraham and the line of Joktan)

1.3.1.1 Joktan's sons

2 In historiography

2.1 In Flavius Josephus

2.2 In Hippolytus

2.3 In Jerome

2.4 In Isidore of Seville and later authors

2.5 Shem as the father of the Far East

3 Extrabiblical sons of Noah

4 Islam

5 See also

Table of Nations

According to Genesis 10, Noah had three sons:

• Shem, forefather of the middle peoples (Semitic Arabian)
• Ham, forefather of the southern peoples (Hamitic North/North East African)
• Japheth, forefather of the northern peoples (Japhetic Eurasian)

The names of these sons are thought to have significance related to Semitic roots. Shem merely means "name" or "renown", "prosperity". Ham means "warm". Japheth means "open".

It then proceeds to detail their descendants in three groups, not in their birth order, but in the presumptive order they began to have sons after the flood. The identification of several of the first generation is aided by the inclusion of the second, although several of their identifications are less certain. The copy of the table in the biblical book of 1 Chronicles chapter 1 has occasional variations of spelling. Names ending in -im are plural in form. It is unknown if the respective progenitor was originally named with a singular form.

Japheth's descendants

Japheth’s descendants: Japhetites

• Gomer, son of Japheth. Usually identified with the migratory Gimirru (Cimmerians) of Assyrian inscriptions, attested from about 720 BC.

o       Ashkenaz, son of Gomer. It has been conjectured that this name arose from a misprint in Hebrew for "Ashkuz", by reading a nun for a vav. Ashkuz and Ishkuz were names used for the Scythians, who first appear in Assyrian records in the late 8th century in the Caucasus region, and at times occupied vast areas of Europe and Asia. Additionally, in Medieval Hebrew, Germany is known as Ashkenaz, and is the origin of the term Ashkenazic Jews.

o       Riphath (Diphath in Chronicles), son of Gomer. Identification with Paphlagonians of later antiquity was proposed by Josephus; more often connected with the "Riphean" or Ural Mountains region.

o       Togarmah, son of Gomer. Some Armenian and Georgian traditions have claimed descent from Togarmah; other authors have attempted to connect them with Turkic peoples.

• Magog, son of Japheth. This name appears in the Assyrian texts as mat gugu, The Land of Gugu, and means Lydia. Gugu is known in Greek texts as Gyges of Lydia, a historical king of Lydia and the founder of the Mermnad dynasty (ruled c. 716 - 678 BC). Is claimed as an ancestor in both Irish and Hungarian medieval traditions. Flavius Josephus, followed by Jerome and Nennius, makes him ancestor of the Scythians who dwelt north of the Black Sea. According to Johannes Magnus, Magog migrated to Sweden (via Finland) 88 years after the flood, and one of his sons was the first king of Sweden. His accounts became accepted by the Swedes, and the numbering of Swedish Monarchs was altered accordingly. Magog is also sometimes said to be the ancestor of the Goths, Finns, Huns, and Slavs.
• Madai, son of Japheth. The Medes of Northwest Iran first appear in Assyrian inscriptions as Amadai in about 844 BC.
• Javan, son of Japheth. This name since at least Josephus has been connected with the Ionians, one of the original Greek tribes. Variants of this name were used for all Greeks across the Ancient Near East.

o       Elishah, son of Javan. Identifications have been proposed with various Aegean peoples such as Elis of northwestern Peloponnesos, or Ellis of Phthia.

o       Tarshish (Tarshishah in Chronicles), son of Javan. Has been variously connected with Tarsus in Anatolia, or Tartessus in southern Spain.

o       Kittim, offspring of Javan. Usually connected with Kition in Cyprus, but name appears in other texts with a variety of interpretations.

o       Dodanim (Rodanim in Chronicles), offspring of Javan. Usually connected with large Aegean island of Rhodes near the coast of Asia Minor.

Note: the Greek Septuagint (LXX) of Genesis includes an additional son of Japheth, "Elisa", in between Javan and Tubal; however, as this name is found in no other ancient source, nor in I Chronicles, he is almost universally agreed to be a duplicate of Elisha, son of Javan. Nevertheless, the presence of Elisa (as well as that of Cainan son of Arpachshad, below) in the Greek Bible accounts for the traditional enumeration among early Christian sources of 72 families and languages, from the 72 names in this chapter, as opposed to the 70 names, families and languages usually found in Jewish sources.

• Tubal, son of Japheth. He is connected with Tabal, an Anatolian kingdom, and by way of the ancient tribe of the Tibareni both with the Iberians of the Caucasus and those of the Iberian peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal). Sometimes he is also seen as the ancestor of the Illyrians and Italics. In the book of Jubilees he was bequeathed the three 'tongues' of Europe.
• Meshech, son of Japheth. He is regarded as the eponym of the Mushki tribe of Anatolia. The Mushki are sometimes considered one of the ancestors of the Georgians, but also became connected with the Sea Peoples who roved the Mediterranean Sea.
• Tiras, son of Japheth. This name is usually connected with that of Thracians, an ancient nation first appearing in written records around 700 BC. It has also been associated with some of the Sea Peoples such as Tursha and Tyrsenoi, with the river Tiras (Dniester), and sometimes with the Anatolian region of Troas, dating to the later 13th century BC. In tractate Yoma, of the Talmud, it states that Tiras is Persia.

Japheth is traditionally seen as the ancestor of Europeans, as well as some more eastern nations; thus Japhetic has been used as a synonym for Caucasians. Caucasian itself derives in part from the assumption that the tribe of Japheth developed its distinctive racial characteristics in the Caucasus, where Mount Ararat is located. The term Japhetic was also applied by the early linguists (brothers Grimm, William Jones, Rasmus C. Rask and others) to what later became known as the Indo-European language group, on the assumption that, if descended from Japheth, the principal languages of Europe would have a common origin, which apart from Uralic, Kartvelian, Pontic, Nakh-Dagestanian, and Basque, appears to be the case. In a conflicting sense, the term was also used by the Soviet linguist Nikolai Marr in his Japhetic theory intended to demonstrate that the languages of the Caucasus formed part of a once-widespread pre-Indo-European language group.

Ham's descendants: Hamitic

• Cush, son of Ham.

o       Seba, son of Cush. Has been connected with both Yemen and Ethiopia, with much confusion with Sheba below.

o       Havilah, son of Cush.

o       Sabtah, son of Cush.

o       Raamah, son of Cush.

       Sheba, son of Raamah. Has been connected with Sabaeans and peoples on either side of the narrowest part of the Red Sea.

       Dedan, son of Raamah.

o       Sabtechah, son of Cush.

o       Nimrod, son of Cush, also identified as a mighty hunter before God, and the founder of ancient Babel, Akkad, Sumer, and possibly cities in Assyria.

• Mizraim, son of Ham. Mizraim is a name for Upper and Lower Egypt and literally translates as Ta-Wy in Ancient Egyptian ("The Two Lands"). The -aim in Mizraim represents dual number. Arabic-speaking modern Egyptians refer to their country as Miṣr.

o       Ludim, offspring of Mizraim.

o       Anamim, offspring of Mizraim.

o       Lehabim, offspring of Mizraim.

o       Naphtuhim, offspring of Mizraim.

o       Pathrusim, offspring of Mizraim.

o       Casluhim ("out of whom came Philistim").(Genesis 10:14, 1Chronicles 1:12)

o       Caphtorim, offspring of Mizraim, associated with Caphtor in northeast Egypt near Philistia.(Genesis 10:14, 1Chronicles 1:12)

• Phut, son of Ham. Ancient authorities are fairly universal in identifying Phut with the Libyans (Lebu and Pitu), the earliest neighbors of Egypt to the west.
• Canaan, son of Ham.

o       Sidon, firstborn son of Canaan

o       Heth, son of Canaan, described in Genesis as the ancestor of the "Biblical Hittites", a people of Canaan.

o       "the Jebusite", offspring of Canaan, a tribe that lived around Jerusalem, that was formerly known as Jebus according to the Books of Chronicles.(1Chronicles 11:4)

o       "the Amorite", offspring of Canaan.

o       "the Girgasites", offspring of Canaan

o       "the Hivite", offspring of Canaan

o       "the Arkite", offspring of Canaan.

o       "the Sinite", offspring of Canaan.

o       "the Arvadite", offspring of Canaan.

o       "the Zemarite", offspring of Canaan.

o       "the Hamathite", offspring of Canaan.

Beginning in the 9th century with the Jewish grammarian Judah ibn Quraysh, a relationship between the Semitic and Cushitic languages was seen; modern linguists group these two families, along with the Egyptian, Berber, Chadic, and Omotic language groups into the larger Afro-Asiatic language family. In addition, languages in the southern half of Africa are now seen as belonging to several distinct families independent of the Afro-Asiatic group. Some now discarded Hamitic theories have become viewed as racist; in particular a theory proposed in the 19th century by Speke, that the Tutsi were supposedly of some Hamitic ancestry and thus inherently superior.

The 17th-century Jesuit, Athanasius Kircher, thought that the Chinese had also descended from Ham, via Egyptians.

Shem's descendants: Semitic people

The concept of "Semitic" peoples is derived from biblical accounts of the origins of the cultures known to the ancient Hebrews. In an effort to categorise the peoples known to them, those closest to them in culture and language were generally deemed to be descended from their forefather Shem.

In Genesis 10:21–31, Shem is described as the father of Aram, Ashur, and Arpachshad: the biblical ancestors of the Arabs, Aramaeans, Assyrians, Babylonians, Chaldeans, Sabaeans, and Hebrews, etc., all of whose languages are closely related; the language family containing them was therefore named "Semitic" by linguists.

Shem is traditionally held to be the ancestor of the Semitic people; Hebrews and Arabs consider themselves sons of Shem through Arpachshad (thus, Semites).

The Canaanites, Amalekites and Amorites also spoke languages very closely related to Hebrew and attested in writing earlier, and are therefore termed Semitic in linguistics, despite being described in Genesis as sons of Ham. Shem is also described in Genesis as the father of Elam and Lud (Lydians). However the Elamite language is not classified as Semitic, but is a language isolate, while the Lydians by at least 700 BC spoke an Indo-European language.[8] Genesis makes no claims that all descendants of Shem necessarily preserved a similar language, indicating only that the languages of all peoples became thoroughly confused following the failure of the Tower of Babel.

Other at times hostile peoples living in or near Canaan were considered to be fellow Semitic descendants of Arpachshad as well as Abraham or Lot, such as the Moabites, Ammonites, Ishmaelites, Midianites and Edomites.

In the view of some 17th-century to 19th-century European scholars (e.g., John Webb), the people of China and India descended from him as well.

• Elam, son of Shem. The Elamites called their land Haltamti and had an empire (capital Susa) in what is now Khuzistan, modern Iran. Elamite, however, is not a Semitic language.
• Ashur, son of Shem, associated with Assyria.
• Arpachshad, (also transcribed Arphaxad) son of Shem. The Bible states that his descendants, through Abraham, became the kingdom of Israel, (Ancient Israelites), via Abraham's grandson Jacob and Jacob's 12 sons. The Ishmaelites who descend from Abraham's son Ishmael by his Egyptian concubine (Genesis 16:1-4), are thus considered to be the modern-day Arabs. Ishmael had 12 sons, just like Jacob. Ishmael's 12 sons represent 12 Arabian tribes (Genesis 25:12-16). Arphaksad or his immediate descendants are credited in Second Temple tradition with founding the city of Ur of the Chaldees, usually identified (following archaeologist Woolley) with the Sumerian city of Ur on the south bank of the Euphrates.
• Lud, son of Shem. Most ancient authorities assign this name to the Lydians of Eastern Anatolia.
• Aram, son of Shem. There are references to a campaign against a place called 'Arame' as early as 2300 BC in the inscriptions of Naram-Sin of Akkad

o       Uz, son of Aram.

o       Hul, son of Aram.

o       Gether, son of Aram.

o       Mash, son of Aram (1 Chronicles has Meshech).

Arpachshad's family (genealogy of Abraham and the line of Joktan)

The genealogy at this point lists several generations of Arpachshad's descendants, on account of their connection with the Hebrew nation and the rest of Genesis:

• Cainan is listed as the son of Arpachshad and father of Shelah in some ancient sources. The name is omitted in the Hebrew Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible, but the Greek Septuagint and the genealogy of Jesus in St. Luke 3:36 include the name.
• Salah (also transcribed Shelah) son of Arpachshad (or Cainan).

o       Eber son of Shelah.

       Peleg, son of Eber. In the table, it is said that the Earth was divided in the days of Peleg. A threefold division among Ham, Shem and Japheth preceding the Tower of Babel incident, is elaborated on in several ancient sources.

       Joktan, son of Eber.

Joktan's sons

• Almodad, son of Joktan. According to Easton's Bible Dictionary "Almodad" means "immeasurable", however it has also been translated as "not measured", "measurer", "measure of God", "the beloved," or, "God is beloved", "God is love", and "God is a friend".
• Sheleph, son of Joktan. Sheleph means "drawing out" or "who draws out" (Hitchcock's Bible Dictionary).
• Hazarmaveth, son of Joktan. Hazarmaveth, also transcribed Hazarmaueth, means "dwelling of death" (Hitchcock's Bible Dictionary).
• Jerah, son of Joktan.
• Hadoram, son of Joktan. According to Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's footnotes: "Hadarom: Some interpret this as denoting 'the south.'
• Uzal, son of Joktan.
• Diklah son of Joktan.
• Obal, son of Joktan.
• Abimael, son of Joktan.
• Sheba, son of Joktan.
• Ophir, son of Joktan.
• Havilah, son of Joktan.
• Jobab, son of Joktan.

In historiography

 In Flavius Josephus

The 1st-century Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus, in Antiquities of the Jews Book 1, chapter 6, was among the first of many who attempted to assign known ethnicities to some of the names listed in Genesis chapter 10. His assignments became the basis for most later authors, and were as follows:

• Gomer: "those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, [Galls,] but were then called Gomerites".

o       Aschanax (Ashkenaz): "Aschanaxians, who are now called by the Greeks Rheginians".

o       Riphath: "Ripheans, now called Paphlagonians".

o       Thrugramma (Togarmah): "Thrugrammeans, who, as the Greeks resolved, were named Phrygians".

• Magog: "Magogites, but who are by the Greeks called Scythians".
• Madai: "the Madeans, who are called Medes, by the Greeks".
• Javan: "Ionia, and all the Grecians".

o       Elisa: "Eliseans... they are now the Aeolians".

o       Tharsus (Tarshish): "Tharsians, for so was Cilicia of old called". He also derives the name of their city Tarsus from Tharsus.

o       Cethimus (Kittim): "The island Cethima: it is now called Cyprus". He also derives the Greek name of their city, which he spells Citius, from Cethimus.

• Thobel (Tubal): "Thobelites, who are now called Iberes".
• Mosoch (Meshech): "Mosocheni... now they are Cappadocians." He also derives the name of their capital Mazaca from Mosoch.
• Thiras (Tiras): "Thirasians; but the Greeks changed the name into Thracians".
• Chus (Cush): "Ethiopians... even at this day, both by themselves and by all men in Asia, called Chusites".

o       Sabas (Seba): Sabeans

o       Evilas (Havilah): "Evileans, who are called Getuli".

o       Sabathes (Sabta): "Sabathens, they are now called by the Greeks Astaborans".

o       Sabactas (Sabteca): Sabactens

o       Ragmus (Raamah): Ragmeans

       Judadas (Dedan): "Judadeans, a nation of the western Ethiopians".

       Sabas (Sheba): Sabeans

• Mesraim (Misraim): Egypt, which he says is called Mestre in his country.

o       "Now all the children of Mesraim, being eight in number, possessed the country from Gaza to Egypt, though it retained the name of one only, the Philistim; for the Greeks call part of that country Palestine. As for the rest, Ludieim, and Enemim, and Labim, who alone inhabited in Libya, and called the country from himself, Nedim, and Phethrosim, and Chesloim, and Cephthorim, we know nothing of them besides their names; for the Ethiopic war which we shall describe hereafter, was the cause that those cities were overthrown."

• Phut: Libya. He states that a river and region "in the country of Moors" was still called Phut by the Greeks, but that it had been renamed "from one of the sons of Mesraim, who was called Lybyos".
• Canaan: Judea, which he called "from his own name Canaan".

o       Sidonius (Sidon): The city of Sidonius, "called by the Greeks Sidon".

o       Amathus (Hamathite): "Amathine, which is even now called Amathe by the inhabitants, although the Macedonians named it Epiphania, from one of his posterity."

o       Arudeus (Arvadite): "the island Aradus".

o       Arucas (Arkite): "Arce, which is in Libanus".

o       "But for the seven others [sons of Canaan], Chetteus, Jebuseus, Amorreus, Gergesus, Eudeus, Sineus, Samareus, we have nothing in the sacred books but their names, for the Hebrews overthrew their cities".

• Elam: "Elamites, the ancestors of the Persians".
• Ashur: Assyrians, and their city Niniveh built by Ashur.
• Arphaxad: "Arphaxadites, who are now called Chaldeans".

o       Sala

       Heber (Eber): "from whom they originally called the Jews Hebrews".

       Phaleg (Peleg): He notes that he was so named "because he was born at the dispersion of the nations to their several countries; for Phaleg among the Hebrews signifies division".

       Joctan

       "Elmodad, Saleph, Asermoth, Jera, Adoram, Aizel, Decla, Ebal, Abimael, Sabeus, Ophir, Euilat, and Jobab. These inhabited from Cophen, an Indian river, and in part of Asia adjoining to it."

• Aram: "Aramites, which the Greeks called Syrians".

o       Uz: "Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus: this country lies between Palestine and Celesyria".

o       Ul (Hul): Armenia

o       Gather (Gether): Bactrians

o       Mesa (Mesh): "Mesaneans; it is now called Charax Spasini".

• Laud (Lud): "Laudites, which are now called Lydians".

In Hippolytus

The chronicle of Hippolytus of Rome (c. 234), existing in numerous Latin and Greek copies, make another attempt to assign ethnicities to the names in Genesis 10, in some cases similar to those of Josephus, but with many differences, which are:

• Gomer – Cappadocians

o       Ashkenaz – Sarmatians

o       Riphath – Sauromatians

o       Togarmah – Armenians

• Magog – Galatians, Celts
• Javan

o       Elishah – Siculi (Chron Pasc: Trojans and Phrygians)

o       Tarshish – Iberians, Tyrrhenians

o       Kittim – Macedonians, Romans, Latins

• Tubal – "Hettali" (?)
• Meshech – Illyrians
• Misraim

o       Ludim – Lydians

o       Anamim – Pamphylians

o       Pathrusim – Lycians (var.: Cretans)

o       Caphtorim – Cilicians

• Put – Troglodytes
• Canaan – Afri and Phoenicians

o       Arkite – Tripolitanians

• Lud – Halizones
• Arpachshad

o       Cainan – "those east of the Sarmatians" (one variant)

       Joktan

       Elmodad – Indians

       Saleph – Bactrians

       Hazamaveth, Sheba – Arabs

       Adoram – Carmanians

       Uzal – Arians (var.: Parthians)

       Abimael – Hyrcanians

       Obal – Scythians

       Ophir – Armenians

       Deklah – Gedrosians

• Aram – "Etes" ?

o       Hul – Lydians (var: Colchians)

o       Gether – "Gaspeni" ?

o       Mash – Mossynoeci (var: Mosocheni)

The Chronicle of 354, the Panarion by Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 375), the Chronicon Paschale (c. 627), the History of Albania by the Georgian historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi (7th century), and the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes (c. 1057) follow the identifications of Hippolytus.

In Jerome

Jerome, writing c. 390, provided an 'updated' version of Josephus' identifications in his Hebrew Questions on Genesis. His list is substantially identical to that of Josephus in almost all respects, but with the following notable differences:

• Thubal, son of Japheth: "Iberians, who are also the Spaniards from whom derive the Celtiberians, although certain people suppose them to be the Italians."
• Gether, son of Aram: "Acarnanii or Carians"
• Mash, son of Aram: Maeones

In Isidore of Seville and later authors

The scholar Isidore of Seville, in his Etymologiae (c. 600), repeats all of Jerome's identifications, but with these minor changes:

• Joktan, son of Eber: Indians
• Saleph, son of Joktan: Bactrians
• Magog, son of Japheth: "Scythians and Goths"
• Ashkenaz, son of Gomer: "Sarmatians, whom the Greeks call Rheginians".

Isidore's identifications for Japheth's sons were repeated in the Historia Britonum attributed to Nennius. Isidore's identifications also became the basis for numerous later mediaeval scholars, remaining so until the Age of Discovery prompted newer theories, such as that of Benito Arias Montano (1571), who proposed connecting Meshech with Moscow, and Ophir with Peru.

In the view of some 17th-century European scholars (e.g., John Webb), the people of China and India descended from Shem. Both Webb and the French Jesuits belonging to the Figurist school (late 17th-early 18th century) went even further, identifying the legendary Emperor Yao of Chinese history with Noah himself.

Extrabiblical sons of Noah

There exist various traditions in post-biblical sources claiming that Noah had children other than Shem, Ham, and Japheth — born variously before, during, or after the Deluge.

According to the Quran (Hud v. 42–43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come aboard the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he drowned. Some later Islamic commentators give his name as either Yam or Kan'an.

According to Irish mythology, as found in the Annals of the Four Masters and elsewhere, Noah had another son named Bith, who was not allowed aboard the Ark, and who attempted to colonise Ireland with 54 persons, only to be wiped out in the Deluge.

Some 9th-century manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle assert that Sceafa was the fourth son of Noah, born aboard the Ark, from whom the House of Wessex traced their ancestry; in William of Malmesbury's version of this genealogy (c. 1120), Sceaf is instead made a descendant of Strephius, the fourth son born aboard the Ark (Gesta Regnum Anglorum).

An early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall or the Book of Rolls (part of Clementine literature) mentions Bouniter, the fourth son of Noah, born after the flood, who allegedly invented astronomy and instructed Nimrod. Variants of this story with often similar names for Noah's fourth son are also found in the c. 5th century Ge'ez work Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (Barvin), the c. 6th century Syriac book Cave of Treasures (Yonton), the 7th century Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius (Ionitus'), the Syriac Book of the Bee 1221 (Yônatôn), the Hebrew Chronicles of Jerahmeel, c. 12th–14th century (Jonithes), and throughout Armenian apocryphal literature, where he is usually referred to as Maniton; as well as in works by Petrus Comestor c. 1160 (Jonithus), Godfrey of Viterbo 1185 (Ihonitus), Michael the Syrian 1196 (Maniton), Abu Salih the Armenian c. 1208 (Abu Naiţur); Jacob van Maerlant c. 1270 (Jonitus), and Abraham Zacuto 1504 (Yoniko).

Martin of Opava (c. 1250), later versions of the Mirabilia Urbis Romae, and the Chronicon Bohemorum of Giovanni di Marignola (1355) make Janus (i.e., the Roman deity) the fourth son of Noah, who moved to Italy, invented astrology, and instructed Nimrod.

According to the monk Annio da Viterbo (1498), the Hellenistic Babylonian writer Berossus had mentioned 30 children born to Noah after the Deluge, including sons named Tuiscon, Prometheus, Iapetus, Macrus, "16 titans", Cranus, Granaus, Oceanus, and Tipheus. Also mentioned are daughters of Noah named Araxa "the Great", Regina, Pandora, Crana, and Thetis. However, Annio's manuscript is widely regarded today as having been a forgery.

Islam

The sons of Noah are not expressly mentioned in the Qur'an, except for the fact that one of the sons was among the people who did not follow his own father, not among the believers and thus was washed away in the flood. Also the Qur'an indicates a great calamity, enough to have destroyed Noah's people, but to have saved him and his generations to come.

See also

• Aggadah
• Ancient Egypt
• Antediluvian
• Comparative linguistics
• Continuity thesis
• Ethnography
• Fertile crescent
• Garden of Eden
• Genealogy
• Human history
• Mesopotamia
• Nuwaubianism
• Noah's Ark
• Wives aboard the Ark

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