Weight loss surgery

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Gastric bypass, sleeve gastrostomy, gastric band, and duodenal switch are all bariatric surgery procedures. These procedures have been shown to be effective in treating class III obesity. They also aid in the normalisation of your metabolism, including blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels.

What exactly is bariatric surgery?

Bariatric surgery, also known as weight loss surgery, is a type of surgical procedure used to help people who are obese lose weight. If other weight loss methods have failed and obesity appears to pose a greater risk to your health than surgery, your doctor may recommend bariatric surgery.

Bariatric surgery procedures work by altering your digestive system — typically your stomach, but sometimes also your small intestine — to limit the number of calories you can consume and absorb. They can also suppress hunger signals sent from your digestive system to your brain.

These procedures can aid in the treatment and prevention of many metabolic diseases associated with obesity, such as diabetes and fatty liver disease. However, weight loss surgery is not a quick fix. To be successful, it is necessary to plan ahead of time and make long-term lifestyle changes afterward.

What is the purpose of bariatric surgery?

The most effective long-term treatment for class III obesity is bariatric surgery. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), losing weight through diet and exercise alone is nearly impossible for people with class III obesity. Once your body recognises your higher weight as "normal," it will continue to attempt to return to that weight. Bariatric surgery works by altering how your body processes food, making healthy diet and lifestyle changes more effective for long-term weight loss and health.

What conditions can be treated with bariatric surgery?

Obesity is linked to a variety of chronic diseases, many of which are fatal. Following surgery and weight loss, these conditions and risk factors significantly improve. If you are a candidate for bariatric surgery, you may have or be at risk of developing any of the following diseases:

High cholesterol levels. Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol) indicates that your blood contains an excess of lipids (fats). These can accumulate and cause blockages in your blood vessels. This is why having high cholesterol puts you at risk of having a stroke or heart attack.

Blood pressure that is too high. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is defined as an abnormally high force of blood flowing through your blood vessels. This wears down the walls of your blood vessels, increasing your risk of a heart attack or stroke.

High blood sugar levels. Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) is strongly linked to insulin resistance and is regarded as a risk factor for diabetes. It can harm your nerves, blood vessels, tissues, and organs if left untreated, increasing your risk of many diseases.

Diabetes type II. Excess fat storage can cause insulin resistance, which can result in adult-onset diabetes (type 2). Each 1 point increase in BMI (body mass index) increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 20%.

Cardiovascular disease. Obesity can impair cardiac function and cause congestive heart failure. It can also cause plaque to form within your arteries, increasing your risk of a heart attack or stroke.

Kidney failure. Obesity-related metabolic syndromes, such as high blood pressure, insulin resistance, and congestive heart failure, are major contributors to chronic kidney disease and kidney failure.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a type of sleep apnea. When the upper respiratory tract becomes blocked during sleep, people with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing repeatedly. These episodes reduce oxygen flow to vital organs, putting the heart in particular danger.

Osteoarthritis. Excess weight places additional strain on joints such as your knees. This increases your chances of developing osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease, or makes it worse if you already have it.

Fatty liver disease that is not caused by alcohol (NAFLD). NAFLD develops when your body begins to store excess fat in your liver. It can cause non-alcohol related steatohepatitis (NASH), a chronic inflammation that can cause long-term liver damage.

Cancer. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing more than a dozen types of cancer, though the link is not fully understood. It also increases your chances of dying from cancer by more than half.

What makes you a candidate for bariatric surgery?

The requirements for bariatric surgery begin with a diagnosis of class III obesity. That means you must either:

Have a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a method of calculating your body fat percentage based on your height-to-weight ratio. A score of 40 or higher indicates a high risk of developing related diseases. It usually equates to being about 100 pounds overweight.

Have a BMI of at least 35 and at least one health issue. Class II obesity is defined as a BMI of 35 without a related health problem.

For adolescents, the criteria are slightly more stringent. Adolescents may be eligible if they have:

A BMI of at least 40 and a medical condition related to obesity.

A BMI of at least 35, as well as a serious obesity-related medical condition.

While BMI is easily measured, some medical tests may be required to diagnose obesity-related health conditions.

Common misconceptions about bariatric surgery

That surgery is only used as a last resort. The most effective long-term treatment for class III obesity is bariatric surgery. Diet and exercise, alone or in combination with medications, are much less effective in the long run when studied scientifically.

That surgery is the "quick fix." Bariatric surgery can be viewed as a tool that enables a healthy diet and lifestyle to result in long-term weight loss. Frequently, patients have attempted these changes in the past without long-term success. Surgery enables those changes to take effect.

What steps are involved in preparing for bariatric surgery?

Your healthcare provider will want to make sure you're physically and mentally fit for the surgery before scheduling your bariatric surgery. You'll meet with a team of specialists who will advise you on the risks and benefits of the procedure while also assessing your physical and mental health.

You may be required to undergo medical screening tests to ensure that the surgery is safe for you. If you use tobacco, drugs, or excessive alcohol, you must stop before being considered for surgery. Your medical team can assist you with this.

To prepare for your surgery, your surgeon may also ask you to follow a pre-bariatric surgery diet for a few weeks. This is done to reduce the fat inside your abdomen, where the surgery will be performed, making the procedure safer and lowering the risk of complications. Your surgeon will provide you with specific instructions to follow.

How is weight loss surgery carried out?

Weight loss surgery is typically performed using minimally invasive techniques (laparoscopic surgery). This means smaller incisions, faster healing, and less pain and scarring than traditional open surgery. Due to their specific conditions, some patients may benefit from open surgery.

How long does recovery from bariatric surgery take?

You'll most likely spend a few days in the hospital and then a few weeks at home recovering before returning to work. You may need to avoid strenuous activity for up to six weeks, and resuming a normal diet may take up to 12 weeks.

How successful has bariatric surgery been?

If you lose 50% of your excess weight and keep it off, your weight loss surgery is considered successful. According to this standard, the success rate is 90%. Many people lose weight steadily for the first two years, then plateau or gain weight after that. Typically, the amount of weight regained is less than 25%.