Zaman Etüdü Prosedürü/ Time Study Procedure / Zeitstudien Procedure Beispiel

A. Contact the foreman. The time study analyst will contact the foreman upon entering the department. The foreman will show the time study analyst the location of the job, and will check the operation to see that the proper method is being used.

B. Make contact with the operator to be timed. In no case sshould a time study analyst start making a time study without the operator’s knowledge. If there are several operators doing the same job, the person wo is giving the nearest to a normal performance should be studied. In fact, two or more operators might be studied if this seems advisable. Under no circumstances should standards be established on the basis of time studies made of inexperienced operators or operators who are unwilling to cooperate.

C. Check operation for method. When a new item is put into production or when a new piece of equipment is installed, a number of people may be involved in the development of a method. The time study department should be consulted in such matters. It is the time study department’s responsibility to check the method for possible improvement before setting a time standard for the job. The time study analyst may only suggest possible changes; he will not inaugurate them unless requested to do so. Before making a time study of a job, the time study analyst should have the foreman approve the method in use. This will include an examination of the elements of the job to be timed, and approval of their completeness.

D. Obtained all necessary information. The time study analyst should obtain and record on the time study observation sheet, Form TS 103 [see figüre 241 in chapter 25], all the information about the job, machine, and materials that he needs to fully complete his study. A drawing or layout of the work place should be made, showing the location of the operator, materials, tools, etc. Whenever necessary, a process chart showing the location of the particular operation in the process should be made. A sketch of the part should be included with the time study whenever it seems advisable.

E.Divide the opeartion into elements. The operation should be divided into elements as short in duration as can be accurately timed. The beginning and ending points of these elements usually are easily determined because they come at natural break points in the opeartion. It is important that each element be carefully defined so that the starting and stopping point will be exactly the same in each cycle timed. Handling time should be separated from machine time, and constant elements should be separated from variable elemets whereever possible.

F. Record the time. The purpose of timing the operation is to obtain the representative time taken for each element ofwork in the operation. It is the policy, therefore, to carefully time each and every part of the operation. If, for example, a “book leaf” must be turned once for every ten pairs of parts cemented, such information should be recorded on the time study sheet, and a sufficient number of cycles including this element should be timed so that the representative time fort his element can be obtained.

When foreign elements ocur they should be timed and recorded on the time study sheet. These elements may or may not be included in the time standad, depending on their nature. It is necessary on the time study observation sheet to account for all the time consumed by the operator while the time study is being made. The foreign elements must be very carefully reviewed to determine if they should be incorporated in the time standard or if they are unnecessary delays caused bey the operator. Personel time and time for rest and some unavoidable delays are incorporated in time study allowances and should not be included as elements in the time study, as this would be a duplication.

The time study analyst should record the time of day the study was started and the time it was finished, thus obtaining the elapsed time. The total number of units finished during the study should also be recorded.

G. Rate operator’s performance. We all know that there is a difference in the effort or speed at which different people naturally work. For example, a few people usually walk at a slow pace and a few people at a very fast pace, while most walk at a pace somewhere between these two extremes. So in the factory some people work at a slow pace while others work at an excellent pace. The normal day-work pace is given an index number of 100 points in making a time study. A qualified operator who is trained to work correctly with the specified materials, tools, and equipment, and who is working at the pace expected from an individual being paid by the hour and therefore without incentive, is said to be working at a 100-point pace. For the purposes of comparison, it is expected that a few especially fast operators might reach a pace of 130 to 150 points when on incentive. The operator’s performance or pace is rated when the time study is made, and the rating index is applied to the time study data in order to determine the standard time for the job.

VI. Computation of the Time Standard and Piecework Rate

A. Compute the normal time. The representative time for each element should be determined and recorded in its proper place on the observation sheet. This representative time should be multiplied by the rating factor to obtain the normal time for the element.

B. Prepare the computation sheet.

 1. Transfer the element name and its normal time from the time study observation sheet to the computation sheet. The elements should be listed in the sequence of performance.

 2. At this point, other studies of similar operations contained in the files and any standard data that are available should be reviewed to supplement the information contained in the new time study.

 3. In the fourth column,headed “Units per Element,” is placed the number of units that are completed in the element. The unit referred to is the unit of physical count-one yard,one pair,one batch,etc.

Example : 8 pairs(16 pieces) of heel pieces are placed on a “leaf of a book” and the next leaf is turned. In this instance “8 pairs” is recorded in column 4.

 4. In the fifth column, headed “Occurrence of Element per (……)”, is to be recorded the number of times this element occurs per 100 pairs or per other unit that may be used as a base.

 5. Multiply the normal time per element by the occurrence of the element per 100 pairs (or per other unit that is used as a base) and record the result in column 6 on the computation sheet.

 6. Obtain the total normal time for all elements by adding together the normal times of each element.

 7. Add allowances for fatigue,personal needs, and delay to the total normal time of all elements to obtain the total standard time for the operation.

 8. Divide the total standard time for the operation into 60 minutes and multiply by 100 to obtain the day-work hourly production. This then is the number of pieces or amount of work that has been established by time study to be the hourly task that an operator should complete when working at a normal pace, that is, at a daywork pace and without incentive.

C. Compute the piecework rate. To compute the piecework rate the basic hourly wage or day-work rate which has been assigned to the job is divided by the day-work hourly production. Piecework rates are usually expressed in dollars and cents per unit or 100 units.

VII.Preparation for Rate Installation

A. Discuss the time standard with the foreman. At this point the foreman is contacted and all phases of the time study are discussed with him. Sufficient discussion time will be taken so that the foreman will be completely familiar with all phases of the time study and will therefore be in a position to describe it to the operator in a constructive manner, and he will be able to answer any questions that the operator may have.

B. Determine the method of application of the piecework rate.

1.Determine the exact manner in which production and time are to be measured an recorded. Design any forms necessary to report the amount of work finished per day.

2.Whenever necessary, prepare a statement of the payroll procedure to be followed in computing workers’ earnings.

VIII. Putting Piecework Rate into Effect

A. Several copies of the piecework rate sheets will be made. Two copies will contain signatures of approval by the superintendent and the head of the time study department. All copies will contain the effective date, basic hourly wage, day-work hourly production, and the piecework unit rate, as well as the operation name, number, and the department.

B. A copy of the standard element and a copy of the piecework rate sheet, will be given to the foreman. Information about each new piecework rate installation will be supplied by the time study department to the payroll department and to interested persons in the other departments.

IX.Follow-up of the Piecework Rate Application

Soon after an operator begins working on incentive, a check will be made of his production by the foreman or by the time study analyst, separately or together. The foreman will in every case make a production check once each hour during the trial period. These production records are to be turned in on Form TS 1072 (2 This form not shown here.) to the time study department at the end of each day for analysis. At least once during the first ten-day period following the installation of the piecework rate, the time study analyst and the foreman will jointly compare the operation with the standard element sheet. If further checks are required, production studies will be made by the time study department. Whenever any methods, materials, tools, or related equipment are changed in any way, the time study department must be notified so that they may have an opportunity to determine if a change in rate is necessary.

This manual was prepared by Earl L. Frantz,with the assistance of James A.Kenyon and Robert J.Parden.