Vitamin D: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions

Other Name(s):

Alfacalcidol: 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, 1-alpha-hydroxycholécalciférol, 1 alpha (OH)D3.
Calcifediol: 25-HCC, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholécalciferol , 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamine D3, 25-OHCC, 25-OHD3, Calcifédiol.
Calcipotriene : Calcipotriène, Calcipotriol.
Calcitriol: 1,25-DHCC, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholécalciférol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamine D3, 1,25-diOHC, 1,25(0H)2D3.
Cholecalciferol: 7-déhydrocholestérol Activé, Activated 7-dehydrocholesterol, Cholécalciférol, Colecalciferol, Colécalciférol, Vitamin D3.
Dihydrotachysterol: DHT, Dihydrotachystérol, dihydrotachysterol 2, dichysterol, Vitamine D3.
Ergocalciferol: Activated Ergosterol, Calciferol, Ergocalciférol, Ergocalciferolum, Ergostérol Activé, Ergostérol Irradié, Irradiated Ergosterol, Viosterol, Viostérol, Vitamin D2, Vitamine D2.
Paricalcitol: 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2, 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxyvitamine D2, Paracalcin.
Fat-Soluble Vitamin, Vitamina D, Vitamine D, Vitamine Liposoluble, Vitamine Soluble dans les Graisses.

Overview
Uses
Side Effects
Interactions
Dosing

Overview

Vitamin D is required for the regulation of the minerals calcium and phosphorus found in the body. It also plays an important role in maintaining proper bone structure.

Sun exposure is an easy, reliable way for most people to get vitamin D. Exposure of the hands, face, arms, and legs to sunlight 2-3 times a week for about one-fourth of the time it would take to develop a mild sunburn will cause the skin to produce enough vitamin D. The necessary exposure time varies with age, skin type, season, time of day, etc. Just 6 days of casual sunlight exposure without sunscreen can make up for 49 days of no sunlight exposure. Body fat acts like a kind of storage battery for vitamin D. During periods of sunlight, vitamin D is stored in fat and then released when sunlight is gone.

Vitamin D deficiency is more common than you might expect. People who don't get enough sun, especially people living in Canada and the northern half of the US, are especially at risk. However, even people living in sunny climates might be at risk, possibly because people are staying indoors more, covering up when outside, or using sunscreens to reduce skin cancer risk.

Older people are also at risk for vitamin D deficiency. They are less likely to spend time in the sun, have fewer "receptors" in their skin that convert sunlight to vitamin D, may not get vitamin D in their diet, may have trouble absorbing vitamin D even if they do get it in their diet, and may have more trouble converting dietary vitamin D to a useful form due to aging kidneys. In fact, some scientists suggest that the risk for vitamin D deficiency in people over 65 years of age is very high. As many as 40% of older people living in sunny climates such as South Florida might not have optimal amounts of vitamin D in their systems.

Vitamin D supplements may be necessary for older people, people living in northern latitudes, and for dark-skinned people who need extra time in the sun, but don't get it. Talk to your health care provider about whether a supplement is best for you.

How does work?

Vitamin D is required for the regulation of the minerals calcium and phosphorus found in the body. It also plays an important role in maintaining proper bone structure.

SLIDESHOW

What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)? Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis See Slideshow

Uses

Effective for...

Low levels of phosphate in the blood due to an inherited disorder called familial hypophosphatemia. Taking vitamin D in forms known as calcitriol or dihydrotachysterol by mouth along with phosphate supplements is effective for treating bone disorders in people with low levels of phosphate in the blood.
Low levels of phosphate in the blood due to a disease called Fanconi syndrome. Taking vitamin D in the form known as ergocalciferol by mouth is effective for treating low levels of phosphate in the blood due to a disease called Fanconi syndrome.
Low blood calcium levels due to low parathyroid hormone levels. Low levels of parathyroid hormone can cause calcium levels to become too low. Taking vitamin D in forms known as dihydrotachysterol, calcitriol, or ergocalciferol by mouth is effective for increasing calcium blood levels in people with low parathyroid hormone levels.
Softening of the bones (osteomalacia). Taking vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol is effective for treating softening of the bones. Also, taking vitamin D in a form known as calcifediol is effective for treating softening of the bones due to liver disease. In addition, taking vitamin D in a form known as ergocalciferol is effective for treating softening of the bones caused by medications or poor absorption syndromes.
A bone disorder called renal osteodystrophy, which occurs in people with kidney failure. Taking vitamin D in a form known as calcitriol by mouth manages low calcium levels and prevents bone loss in people with kidney failure.
Rickets. Vitamin D is effective for preventing and treating rickets. A specific form of vitamin D, calcitriol, should be used in people with kidney failure.
Vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is effective for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency.

Likely Effective for...

Bone loss in people taking drugs called corticosteroids. Taking vitamin D in forms known as calcifediol, cholecalciferol, calcitriol, or alfacalcidol by mouth prevents bone loss in people taking drugs called corticosteroids. Also, taking vitamin D alone or with calcium seems to improve bone density in people with existing bone loss caused by using corticosteroids.
Osteoporosis (weak bones). Taking a specific form of vitamin D called cholecalciferol along with calcium seems to help prevent bone loss and bone breaks.
A type of psoriasis called plaque psoriasis. Applying vitamin D in the form of calcitriol, calcipotriene, maxacalcitol, or paricalcitol seems to help treat plaque-type psoriasis. Applying vitamin D along with corticosteroids seems to work better than applying vitamin D or corticosteroids alone.

Possibly Effective for...

Cavities. Analysis of clinical research suggests that taking vitamin D in forms known as cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol reduces the risk of cavities by 36% to 49% in infants, children and adolescents.
Heart failure. Some early research suggests that people with low vitamin D levels have an increased risk of developing heart failure compared to those with higher vitamin D levels. Also, most research suggests that taking vitamin D supplements, including vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol, may decrease the risk of death in people with heart failure.
Bone loss caused by having too much parathyroid hormone (hyperparathyroidism). Taking vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol by mouth seems to reduce parathyroid hormone levels and bone loss in women with a condition called hyperparathyroidism.
Multiple sclerosis (MS). Early research shows that taking vitamin D long-term can reduce the risk of developing MS in women by up to 40%. Taking at least 400 IU daily, the amount typically found in a multivitamin supplement, seems to work the best.
Respiratory infections. Research shows that taking vitamin D reduces the chance of a respiratory infection in children and adults. A respiratory infection can be the flu, a cold, or an asthma attack triggered by a cold or other infection. Also, children with low blood levels of vitamin D tend to experience more upper respiratory tract infections than those with higher levels of vitamin D.
Tooth loss. Taking calcium and vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol by mouth appears to prevent tooth loss in elderly people.

Possibly Ineffective for...

Breast cancer. Evidence on the effects of vitamin D on breast cancer risk is inconsistent. The best evidence comes from a large study called the Women's Health Initiative, which found that taking 400 IU of vitamin D and 1000 mg of calcium per day does not lower the chance of getting breast cancer when taken by postmenopausal women. However, the possibility remains that high doses of vitamin D might lower breast cancer risk in younger women.
Cancer. Although some research shows that people who take a high-dose of vitamin D have a lower risk of developing cancer, most research does not support this.
Heart disease. Early research suggests that people with low levels of vitamin D in their blood are more likely to develop heart disease, including heart failure, than people with higher vitamin D levels. However, taking vitamin D does not seem to extend the life of people with heart failure.
High blood pressure. Early research suggests that people with low blood levels of vitamin D have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure than people with normal blood levels of vitamin D. However, most research suggests that taking vitamin D does not reduce blood pressure in people with high blood pressure.
Bone loss in people with kidney transplants. Taking vitamin D in a form known as calcitriol by mouth along with calcium does not decrease bone loss in people with kidney transplants.
Tuberculosis. Taking vitamin D by mouth does not appear to help cure tuberculosis infections.

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

Alzheimer's disease. Early research suggests that people with Alzheimer's disease have lower blood levels of vitamin D than patients without Alzheimer's disease. It's not clear if taking vitamin D benefits people with Alzheimer's disease.
Asthma. Children with low blood levels of vitamin D seem to have a higher risk of developing asthma or asthma complications than children with higher levels of vitamin D. Also, early research suggests that taking vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol by mouth might reduce the chance of an asthma attack during a cold or other respiratory infection. However, it is too soon to know if taking a vitamin D supplement can prevent or treat asthma symptoms. However, not all research has been positive. It is not clear if taking vitamin D during pregnancy reduces the risk of asthma in children.
Overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina (bacterial vaginosis). Early research suggests that taking vitamin D does not prevent bacterial vaginosis in women at high risk for sexually transmitted disease when taken along with standard therapy.
Kidney disease. Research suggests that vitamin D decreases parathyroid hormone levels in people with chronic kidney disease. However, taking vitamin D does not appear to lower the risk of death in people with kidney disease. Also taking vitamin D might increase calcium and phosphate levels in people with kidney disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Early research shows that people with COPD have lower-than-normal vitamin D levels. However, there is not enough information to know if taking a vitamin D supplement can decrease symptoms of COPD.
Mental function. Early research shows that people with higher blood levels of vitamin D have improved mental function compared with people who have lower levels. However, it's not known if taking vitamin D improves mental function.
Colorectal cancer. It is not clear if vitamin D might benefit colorectal cancer. Some research shows that calcium intake is linked with a reduced risk of developing colorectal cancer. However, this effect is not seen in people with low vitamin D levels, indicating that vitamin D might be an important factor. However, other research suggests that taking vitamin D with calcium is not associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer.
Dementia.Early research suggests that people with dementia have lower blood levels of vitamin D than people without dementia. However, it's not known if taking vitamin D benefits people with dementia.
Diabetes. Early research shows that people with lower vitamin D levels may be more likely to develop type 2 diabetes compared to people with higher vitamin D levels. However, there is no reliable evidence that taking vitamin D supplements can treat or prevent type 2 diabetes. Early research suggests that giving vitamin D supplements to infants daily during the first year of life is linked to a lower risk of developing type 1 diabetes later in life.
Preventing falls in older people. The role of vitamin D for fall prevention is confusing and controversial. Clinical practice guidelines published in 2010 and 2012 recommend that elderly people who have low levels of vitamin D or who are at an increased risk of falling take 800 IU of vitamin D per day to reduce the risk of falling. These recommendations are supported by both population research and some clinical studies. For instance, it's been observed that people who do not have enough vitamin D tend to fall more often than people who do. Also, some research shows that taking vitamin D reduces the risk of falling and the rates of falls in elderly people. It's not known if vitamin D works better when taken alone or with calcium. There is also some speculation that vitamin D only reduces falls in people who are vitamin D deficient. Despite these positive findings, some research shows that vitamin D doesn't prevent falls in elderly people. Also, the best evidence to date, which comes from a more recent analysis of 20 studies including nearly 30,000 people, shows that vitamin D does not reduce the risk of falling in elderly people. There is some belief that the conflicting results regarding the effects of vitamin D on fall prevention result from the way in which clinical trial data is reported. Also, the size of the clinical trial may affect the results. It is possible that some patients may still benefit from vitamin D supplementation for reducing fall risk. But who exactly might benefit and what dose or duration of treatment is optimal, if any, remains unclear. For those who are at risk for vitamin D deficiency, a vitamin D supplement should still be considered.
Fibromyalgia. Early research suggests that taking vitamin D might decrease pain in people with fibromyalgia and low vitamin D levels in the blood. However, taking vitamin D does not seem to help mood or quality of life in these people.
High cholesterol. People with lower vitamin D levels seem to be more likely to have high cholesterol than people with higher vitamin D levels. Limited research shows that taking calcium plus vitamin D daily, in combination with a low-calorie diet, significantly raises "good"(HDL) cholesterol and lowers "bad"(LDL) cholesterol in overweight women. However, taking calcium plus vitamin D without dietary restrictions does not reduce LDL cholesterol levels. Other research suggests that vitamin D might actually increase LDL and have no beneficial effect on HDL, triglycerides, or total cholesterol.
Low birth weight. Research suggests that mothers who take vitamin D supplements during pregnancy have a lower risk of delivering a low birth weight infant. However, taking vitamin D during pregnancy doesn't seem to decrease the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) births.
Metabolic syndrome. There is conflicting evidence about the link between vitamin D and metabolic syndrome. Some research suggests that women aged at least 45 years who consume high amounts of vitamin D or take vitamin D supplements do not have a lower risk of developing metabolic syndrome. However, other research suggests that higher vitamin D levels are linked to a lower risk of metabolic syndrome.
Muscle strength. Taking vitamin D by mouth does not appear to improve muscle strength in people with sufficient blood levels of vitamin D. However, taking vitamin D by mouth, alone or in combination with calcium, may improve hip and leg muscle strength in people who have low levels of vitamin D, especially the elderly. Single injections of vitamin D do not seem to have beneficial effects.
A blood cell disease called myelodysplastic syndrome. Taking vitamin D in forms known as calcitriol or calcifediol by mouth seems to help people with myelodysplastic syndrome.
Overall death risk. Early research suggests that having low vitamin D levels is linked with an increased risk of death from any cause. Some research suggests that people who take vitamin D supplements daily have a lower risk of dying. However, other research suggests that vitamin D reduces the risk of death only when taking together with calcium.
Gum disease. Early research suggests that higher blood levels of vitamin D are linked with a reduced risk of gum disease in people 50 years of age or older. However, this does not seem to be true for adults younger than 50 years. It is not known if taking vitamin D supplements reduces the risk of gum disease.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Some early research suggests that consuming more vitamin D from the diet might help to prevent PMS or reduce symptoms. Taking vitamin D supplements does not seem to prevent PMS. However taking vitamin D plus calcium might reduce PMS symptoms.
A muscle disease called proximal myopathy. Taking vitamin D in a form known as ergocalciferol by mouth or administering it as a shot into the muscle seems to help treat a muscle disease associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Early research suggests that older women who consume more vitamin D from foods or supplements have a lower risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.
Seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder). Early research suggests that taking a large dose of vitamin D in a form known as ergocalciferol improves symptoms of seasonal depression.
Non-cancerous wart-like growths on the skin (seborrheic keratosis). Early research suggests that applying vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol to the skin might reduce tumor size in some people with seborrheic keratosis.
Muscle pain caused by medications called statins. Some reports suggest that taking vitamin D supplements can decrease symptoms of muscle pain in people taking statin drugs. But higher quality research is needed to confirm these results.
Thinning of the walls of the vagina (vaginal atrophy). Early research shows that taking vitamin D supplements for a least one year improves the surface of the vaginal wall. However, it does not seem to improve symptoms of vaginal atrophy.
Warts. Reports suggest that applying maxacalcitol, which comes from vitamin D3, to the skin, can reduce viral warts in people with weakened immune systems.
Weight loss. Early research shows that people with lower vitamin D levels are more likely to be obese than those with higher levels. Women taking calcium plus vitamin D are more likely to lose weight and maintain their weight. However, this benefit is mainly in women who did not consume enough calcium before they started taking supplements. Also, other research shows that taking vitamin D only helps with weight loss when blood levels are increased in post-menopausal overweight or obese women. When vitamin D is taken by people who are overweight and normal weight, it does not seem to help with weight loss or fat loss.
Breathing disorders.
Bronchitis.
Other conditions.

More evidence is needed to rate vitamin D for these uses.

Side Effects

Vitamin D is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth or given as a shot into the muscle in recommended amounts. Most people do not commonly experience side effects with vitamin D, unless too much is taken. Some side effects of taking too much vitamin D include weakness, fatigue, sleepiness, headache, loss of appetite, dry mouth, metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, and others.

Taking vitamin D for long periods of time in doses higher than 4000 units daily is POSSIBLY UNSAFE and may cause excessively high levels of calcium in the blood. However, much higher doses are often needed for the short-term treatment of vitamin D deficiency. This type of treatment should be done under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Vitamin D is LIKELY SAFEduring pregnancy and breast-feeding when used in daily amounts below 4000 units. Do not use higher doses. Vitamin D is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when used in higher amounts during pregnancy or while breast-feeding. Using higher doses might cause serious harm to the infant.

"Hardening of the arteries" (atherosclerosis): Taking vitamin D could make this condition worse, especially in people with kidney disease.

Histoplasmosis: Vitamin D may increase calcium levels in people with histoplasmosis. This could lead to kidney stones and other problems. Use vitamin D cautiously.

High levels of calcium in the blood: Taking vitamin D could make this condition worse.

Over-active parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism): Vitamin D may increase calcium levels in people with hyperparathyroidism. Use vitamin D cautiously.

Lymphoma: Vitamin D may increase calcium levels in people with lymphoma. This could lead to kidney stones and other problems. Use vitamin D cautiously.

Kidney disease: Vitamin D may increase calcium levels and increase the risk of "hardening of the arteries" in people with serious kidney disease. This must be balanced with the need to prevent renal osteodystrophy, a bone disease that occurs when the kidneys fail to maintain the proper levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. Calcium levels should be monitored carefully in people with kidney disease.

Sarcoidosis: Vitamin D may increase calcium levels in people with sarcoidosis. This could lead to kidney stones and other problems. Use vitamin D cautiously.

Tuberculosis: Vitamin D might increase calcium levels in people with tuberculosis. This might result in complications such as kidney stones.

**SpecialPrecautions**

QUESTION

The term arthritis refers to stiffness in the joints. See Answer

Interactions

AluminumInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Aluminum is found in most antacids. Vitamin D can increase how much aluminum the body absorbs. This interaction might be a problem for people with kidney disease. Take vitamin D two hours before, or four hours after antacids.

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Vitamin D might decrease the amount of atorvastatin (Lipitor) that enters the body. This might decrease how well atorvastatin (Lipitor) works.

Calcipotriene (Dovonex)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Calcipotriene is a drug that is similar to vitamin D. Taking vitamin D along with calcipotriene (Dovonex) might increase the effects and side effects of calcipotriene (Dovonex). Avoid taking vitamin D supplements if you are taking calcipotriene (Dovonex).

Digoxin (Lanoxin)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. Calcium can affect the heart. Digoxin (Lanoxin) is used to help your heart beat stronger. Taking vitamin D along with digoxin (Lanoxin) might increase the effects of digoxin (Lanoxin) and lead to an irregular heartbeat. If you are taking digoxin (Lanoxin), talk to your doctor before taking vitamin D supplements.

Diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. Calcium can affect your heart. Diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac) can also affect your heart. Taking large amounts of vitamin D along with diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac) might decrease the effectiveness of diltiazem.

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Vitamin D may increase how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking vitamin D along with some medications may decrease the effectiveness of some medications. Before taking vitamin D, talk to your health care provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.

Some of these medications changed by the liver include lovastatin (Mevacor), clarithromycin (Biaxin), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), diltiazem (Cardizem), estrogens, indinavir (Crixivan), triazolam (Halcion), and others.

Verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. Calcium can affect the heart. Verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) can also affect the heart. Do not take large amounts of vitamin D if you are taking verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan).

Water pills (Thiazide diuretics)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. Some "water pills" increase the amount of calcium in the body. Taking large amounts of vitamin D along with some "water pills" might cause to be too much calcium in the body. This could cause serious side effects including kidney problems.

Some of these "water pills" include chlorothiazide (Diuril), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL, Esidrix), indapamide (Lozol), metolazone (Zaroxolyn), and chlorthalidone (Hygroton).

Cimetidine (Tagamet)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

The body changes vitamin D into a form that it can use. Cimetidine (Tagamet) might decrease how well the body changes vitamin D. This might decrease how well vitamin D works. However, this interaction probably isn't important for most people.

HeparinInteraction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Heparin slows blood clotting and can increase the risk of breaking a bone when used for a long period of time. People taking these medications should eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Some medications called low molecular weight heparins can increase the risk of breaking a bone when used for a long periods of time. People taking these medications should eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.

These drugs include enoxaparin (Lovenox), dalteparin (Fragmin), and tinzaparin (Innohep).

Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

ADULTS

BY MOUTH:

For vitamin D deficiency: 50,000 IU per week for 6-12 weeks has been used. However, some patients require higher doses for longer periods of time to maintain optimal blood levels of vitamin D.
For preventing osteoporosis and fractures: 400-1000 IU/day of vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol has been used in older adults. Usually it is taken along with 500-1200 mg of calcium per day. Some experts recommended higher doses of 1000-2000 IU daily. For preventing osteoporosis associated with medications called corticosteroids, much higher doses of 1,750-50,000 IU have been used for up to 12 months. Also, special forms of vitamin D have been used. For instance, 0.25-0.5 mcg/day of dihydroxycholecalciferol, 0.25-1 mcg/day of alfacalcidol, and 0.43-1.0 mcg/day of calcitriol have been used for up to 36 months.
For preventing bone loss due to use of corticosteroids: 0.25-1.0 mcg/day of vitamin D in forms known as calcitriol or alfacalcidol have been used for 6-36 months. In many cases, these forms of vitamin D are used along with calcium. Also, 50-32,000 mcg/day of vitamin D in the form of calcifediol has been used for 12 months. Finally, 1750-50,000 IU of vitamin D has been taken in daily or weekly doses for 6-12 months.
For preventing cancer: 1400-1500 mg/day of calcium plus 1100 IU/day of vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol has been used for up to 7 years.
For heart failure: 800 IU/day of vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol has been taken alone or along with 1000 mg/day of calcium for 3 years.
For bone loss caused by having too much parathyroid hormone (hyperparathyroidism): 800 IU/day of vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol has been used for 3 months.
Multiple sclerosis (MS): 400 IU/day of vitamin D has been used to prevent MS.
For preventing tooth loss in the elderly: 700 IU/day of vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol has been taken in combination with calcium 500 mg/day for 3 years.

APPLIED TO THE SKIN:

For a specific type of psoriasis called plaque psoriasis: A form of vitamin D known as calcipotriol has been applied to the skin alone or along with corticosteroids for up to 52 weeks. Typically calcipotriol is gen at a dose of 50 mcg/gram. Specific products used in clinical studies include Daivobet and Dovobet. These products contain 50 mcg/gram of calcipotriol and 0.5 mg/gram of betamethasone dipropionate.

AS A SHOT:

For vitamin D deficiency: 600,000 IU of vitamin D (Arachitol, Solvay Pharma) given as a single shot into the muscle has been used.

CHILDREN

BY MOUTH:

For preventing respiratory tract infections: 1200 IU/day of vitamin D in a form known as cholecalciferol has been given to school-aged children during the winter to prevent the flu. Also, 500 IU/day of cholecalciferol has been used to prevent worsening of asthma symptoms caused by respiratory tract infections.

Most vitamin supplements contain only 400 IU (10 mcg) vitamin D.

The Institute of Medicine publishes recommended daily allowance (RDA), which is an estimate of the amount of vitamin D that meets the needs of most people in the population. The current RDA was set in 2010. The RDA varies based on age as follows: 1-70 years of age, 600 IU daily; 71 years and older, 800 IU daily; pregnant and lactating women, 600 IU daily. For infants ages 0-12 months, an adequate intake (AI) level of 400 IU is recommended.

Some organizations are recommending higher amounts. In 2008, the American Academy of Pediatrics increased the recommended minimum daily intake of vitamin D to 400 IU daily for all infants and children, including adolescents. Parents should not use vitamin D liquids dosed as 400 IU/drop. Giving one dropperful or mL by mistake can deliver 10,000 IU/day. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will force companies to provide no more than 400 IU per dropperful in the future.

The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends vitamin D 400 IU to 800 IU daily for adults under age 50, and 800 IU to 1000 IU daily for older adults.

The North American Menopause Society recommends 700 IU to 800 IU daily for women at risk of deficiency due to low sun (e.g., homebound, northern latitude) exposure.

Guidelines from the Osteoporosis Society of Canada recommend vitamin D 400 IU per day for people up to age 50, and 800 IU per day for people over 50. Osteoporosis Canada now recommends 400-1000 IU daily for adults under the age of 50 years and 800-2000 IU daily for adults over the age of 50 years.

The Canadian Cancer Society recommends 1000 IU/day during the fall and winter for adults in Canada. For those with a higher risk of having low vitamin D levels, this dose should be taken year round. This includes people who have dark skin, usually wear clothing that covers most of their skin, and people who are older or who don't go outside often.

Many experts now recommend using vitamin D supplements containing cholecalciferol in order to meet these intake levels. This seems to be more potent than another form of vitamin D called ergocalciferol.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).

Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

References

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Acott, P. D., Wong, J. A., Lang, B. A., and Crocker, J. F. Pamidronate treatment of pediatric fracture patients on chronic steroid therapy. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20(3):368-373. View abstract.

Ada, S., Sahin, S., Boztepe, G., Karaduman, A., and Kolemen, F. No additional effect of topical calcipotriol on narrow-band UVB phototherapy in patients with generalized vitiligo. Photodermatol.Photoimmunol.Photomed. 2005;21(2):79-83. View abstract.

Agnew MC, Agnew RG Tisdall FF. The production and prevention of dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 1933;20:193-212.

Al-Said, Y. A., Al-Rached, H. S., Al-Qahtani, H. A., and Jan, M. M. Severe proximal myopathy with remarkable recovery after vitamin D treatment. Can.J Neurol.Sci 2009;36(3):336-339. View abstract.

Alborzi, P., Patel, N. A., Peterson, C., Bills, J. E., Bekele, D. M., Bunaye, Z., Light, R. P., and Agarwal, R. Paricalcitol reduces albuminuria and inflammation in chronic kidney disease: a randomized double-blind pilot trial. Hypertension 2008;52(2):249-255. View abstract.

Albrecht, L., Bourcier, M., Ashkenas, J., Papp, K., Shear, N., Toole, J., Vender, R., and Wasel, N. Topical psoriasis therapy in the age of biologics: evidence-based treatment recommendations. J Cutan.Med.Surg. 2011;15(6):309-321. View abstract.

Ali, O., Shim, M., Fowler, E., Greenberg, M., Perkins, D., Oppenheim, W., and Cohen, P. Growth hormone therapy improves bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy: a preliminary pilot study. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2007;92(3):932-937. View abstract.

Aloia, J. F. and Li-Ng, M. Re: epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol.Infect. 2007;135(7):1095-1096. View abstract.

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Ameri, P., Ronco, D., Casu, M., Denegri, A., Bovio, M., Menoni, S., Ferone, D., and Murialdo, G. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with left ventricular dilation: an echocardiography study in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2010;20(9):633-640. View abstract.

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Amital, H., Szekanecz, Z., Szucs, G., Danko, K., Nagy, E., Csepany, T., Kiss, E., Rovensky, J., Tuchynova, A., Kozakova, D., Doria, A., Corocher, N., Agmon-Levin, N., Barak, V., Orbach, H., Zandman-Goddard, G., and Shoenfeld, Y. Serum concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are inversely related to disease activity: is it time to routinely supplement patients with SLE with vitamin D? Ann.Rheum.Dis. 2010;69(6):1155-1157. View abstract.

Andersen, R., Brot, C., Mejborn, H., Molgaard, C., Skovgaard, L. T., Trolle, E., and Ovesen, L. Vitamin D supplementation does not affect serum lipids and lipoproteins in Pakistani immigrants. Eur.J Clin.Nutr 2009;63(9):1150-1153. View abstract.

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Anderson PG, Williams CHM Halderson H et al. The influence of vitamin D in the prevention of dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 1934;21:1349-1366.

Anderson, G. L., Limacher, M., Assaf, A. R., Bassford, T., Beresford, S. A., Black, H., Bonds, D., Brunner, R., Brzyski, R., Caan, B., Chlebowski, R., Curb, D., Gass, M., Hays, J., Heiss, G., Hendrix, S., Howard, B. V., Hsia, J., Hubbell, A., Jackson, R., Johnson, K. C., Judd, H., Kotchen, J. M., Kuller, L., LaCroix, A. Z., Lane, D., Langer, R. D., Lasser, N., Lewis, C. E., Manson, J., Margolis, K., Ockene, J., O'Sullivan, M. J., Phillips, L., Prentice, R. L., Ritenbaugh, C., Robbins, J., Rossouw, J. E., Sarto, G., Stefanick, M. L., Van, Horn L., Wactawski-Wende, J., Wallace, R., and Wassertheil-Smoller, S. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 4-14-2004;291(14):1701-1712. View abstract.

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Andjelkovic, Z., Vojinovic, J., Pejnovic, N., Popovic, M., Dujic, A., Mitrovic, D., Pavlica, L., and Stefanovic, D. Disease modifying and immunomodulatory effects of high dose 1 alpha (OH) D3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp.Rheumatol 1999;17(4):453-456. View abstract.

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Arca, E., Tastan, H. B., Erbil, A. H., Sezer, E., Koc, E., and Kurumlu, Z. Narrow-band ultraviolet B as monotherapy and in combination with topical calcipotriol in the treatment of vitiligo. J Dermatol 2006;33(5):338-343. View abstract.

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Arnson, Y., Amital, H., Agmon-Levin, N., Alon, D., Sanchez-Castanon, M., Lopez-Hoyos, M., Matucci-Cerinic, M., Szucs, G., Shapira, Y., Szekanecz, Z., and Shoenfeld, Y. Serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations are linked with various clinical aspects in patients with systemic sclerosis: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. Autoimmun.Rev. 2011;10(8):490-494. View abstract.

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Ashcroft, D. M., Li Wan, Po A., Williams, H. C., and Griffiths, C. E. Combination regimens of topical calcipotriene in chronic plaque psoriasis: systematic review of efficacy and tolerability. Arch Dermatol 2000;136(12):1536-1543. View abstract.

Attia, S., Eickhoff, J., Wilding, G., McNeel, D., Blank, J., Ahuja, H., Jumonville, A., Eastman, M., Shevrin, D., Glode, M., Alberti, D., Staab, M. J., Horvath, D., Straus, J., Marnocha, R., and Liu, G. Randomized, double-blinded phase II evaluation of docetaxel with or without doxercalciferol in patients with metastatic, androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin.Cancer Res 4-15-2008;14(8):2437-2443. View abstract.

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Avenell, A. and Handoll, H. H. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001880. View abstract.

Avenell, A. and Handoll, H. H. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(4):CD001880. View abstract.

Avenell, A. and Handoll, H. H. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(1):CD001880. View abstract.

Avenell, A., Cook, J. A., MacLennan, G. S., and Macpherson, G. C. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent infections: a sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 51647438). Age Ageing 2007;36(5):574-577. View abstract.

Avenell, A., Cook, J. A., MacLennan, G. S., and McPherson, G. C. Vitamin D supplementation and type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 51647438). Age Ageing 2009;38(5):606-609. View abstract.

Avenell, A., Gillespie, W. J., Gillespie, L. D., and O'Connell, D. L. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD000227. View abstract.

Avenell, A., Gillespie, W. J., Gillespie, L. D., and O'Connell, D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(2):CD000227. View abstract.

Avenell, A., Grant, A. M., McGee, M., McPherson, G., Campbell, M. K., and McGee, M. A. The effects of an open design on trial participant recruitment, compliance and retention--a randomized controlled trial comparison with a blinded, placebo-controlled design. Clin Trials 2004;1(6):490-498. View abstract.

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Bailey, E. E., Ference, E. H., Alikhan, A., Hession, M. T., and Armstrong, A. W. Combination treatments for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch.Dermatol. 2012;148(4):511-522. View abstract.

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Baker, L. R., Muir, J. W., Sharman, V. L., Abrams, S. M., Greenwood, R. N., Cattell, W. R., Goodwin, F. J., Marsh, F. P., Adami, S., Hately, W., and . Controlled trial of calcitriol in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 1986;26(4):185-191. View abstract.

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Baker, P. N., Wheeler, S. J., Sanders, T. A., Thomas, J. E., Hutchinson, C. J., Clarke, K., Berry, J. L., Jones, R. L., Seed, P. T., and Poston, L. A prospective study of micronutrient status in adolescent pregnancy. Am J Clin.Nutr 2009;89(4):1114-1124. View abstract.

Bakhtiyarova, S., Lesnyak, O., Kyznesova, N., Blankenstein, M. A., and Lips, P. Vitamin D status among patients with hip fracture and elderly control subjects in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Osteoporos Int 2006;17(3):441-446. View abstract.

Balion, C., Griffith, L. E., Strifler, L., Henderson, M., Patterson, C., Heckman, G., Llewellyn, D. J., and Raina, P. Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 9-25-2012;79(13):1397-1405. View abstract.

Bardare M, Grassi A, Dell'Era L, Corona F, and Bianchi M. Alendronate in the treatment of osteoporosis in rheumatic diseases of childhood. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:742.

Barker, J. N., Ashton, R. E., Marks, R., Harris, R. I., and Berth-Jones, J. Topical maxacalcitol for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-finding study with active comparator. Br J Dermatol 1999;141(2):274-278. View abstract.

Barnard, K. and Colon-Emeric, C. Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D in older adults: cardiovascular disease, mortality, mood, and cognition. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8(1):4-33. View abstract.

Barnett, C. M. and Beer, T. M. Prostate cancer and vitamin D: what does the evidence really suggest? Urol.Clin.North Am 2011;38(3):333-342. View abstract.

Bartley, J. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among patients attending a multidisciplinary tertiary pain clinic. N.Z.Med.J 11-28-2008;121(1286):57-62. View abstract.

Bartoszewska, M., Kamboj, M., and Patel, D. R. Vitamin D, muscle function, and exercise performance. Pediatr Clin North Am 2010;57(3):849-861. View abstract.

Bartram, S. A., Peaston, R. T., Rawlings, D. J., Francis, R. M., and Thompson, N. P. A randomized controlled trial of calcium with vitamin D, alone or in combination with intravenous pamidronate, for the treatment of low bone mineral density associated with Crohn's disease. Aliment.Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(11-12):1121-1127. View abstract.

Batchelor, F., Hill, K., Mackintosh, S., and Said, C. What works in falls prevention after stroke?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2010;41(8):1715-1722. View abstract.

Bath-Hextall, F. J., Jenkinson, C., Humphreys, R., and Williams, H. C. Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD005205. View abstract.

Bayer M, Stepan J, and Kutilek S. Alendronate in treatment of osteoporosis in childhood. Osteologicky Bull 2002;7:23-24.

Baysal, V., Yildirim, M., Erel, A., and Kesici, D. Is the combination of calcipotriol and PUVA effective in vitiligo? J Eur.Acad.Dermatol.Venereol. 2003;17(3):299-302. View abstract.

Beer, T. M., Ryan, C. W., Venner, P. M., Petrylak, D. P., Chatta, G. S., Ruether, J. D., Redfern, C. H., Fehrenbacher, L., Saleh, M. N., Waterhouse, D. M., Carducci, M. A., Vicario, D., Dreicer, R., Higano, C. S., Ahmann, F. R., Chi, K. N., Henner, W. D., Arroyo, A., and Clow, F. W. Double-blinded randomized study of high-dose calcitriol plus docetaxel compared with placebo plus docetaxel in androgen-independent prostate cancer: a report from the ASCENT Investigators. J Clin.Oncol. 2-20-2007;25(6):669-674. View abstract.

Bellantone, R., Lombardi, C. P., Raffaelli, M., Boscherini, M., Alesina, P. F., De, Crea C., Traini, E., and Princi, P. Is routine supplementation therapy (calcium and vitamin D) useful after total thyroidectomy? Surgery 2002;132(6):1109-1112. View abstract.

Benhamou, C. L., Tourliere, D., Gauvain, J. B., Picaper, G., Audran, M., and Jallet, P. Calciotropic hormones in elderly people with and without hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 1995;5(2):103-107. View abstract.

Benson, J., Wilson, A., Stocks, N., and Moulding, N. Muscle pain as an indicator of vitamin D deficiency in an urban Australian Aboriginal population. Med.J Aust. 7-17-2006;185(2):76-77. View abstract.

Berggren, M., Stenvall, M., Olofsson, B., and Gustafson, Y. Evaluation of a fall-prevention program in older people after femoral neck fracture: a one-year follow-up. Osteoporos.Int 2008;19(6):801-809. View abstract.

Bergman, G. J., Fan, T., McFetridge, J. T., and Sen, S. S. Efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation in preventing fractures in elderly women: a meta-analysis. Curr Med.Res Opin. 2010;26(5):1193-1201. View abstract.

Bergman, P., Norlin, A. C., Hansen, S., Rekha, R. S., Agerberth, B., Bjorkhem-Bergman, L., Ekstrom, L., Lindh, J. D., and Andersson, J. Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with frequent respiratory tract infections: a randomised and double-blind intervention study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(6) View abstract.

Berk, M., Jacka, F. N., Williams, L. J., Ng, F., Dodd, S., and Pasco, J. A. Is this D vitamin to worry about? Vitamin D insufficiency in an inpatient sample. Aust N.Z J Psychiatry 2008;42(10):874-878. View abstract.

Berl, T., Berns, A. S., Huffer, W. E., Alfrey, A. C., Arnaud, C. D., and Schrier, R. R. Controlled trial of the effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in patients treated with regular dialysis. Contrib.Nephrol. 1980;18:72-81. View abstract.

Berruti, A., Tucci, M., Terrone, C., Gorzegno, G., Scarpa, R. M., Angeli, A., and Dogliotti, L. Background to and management of treatment-related bone loss in prostate cancer. Drugs Aging 2002;19(12):899-910. View abstract.

Berth-Jones, J., Chu, A. C., Dodd, W. A., Ganpule, M., Griffiths, W. A., Haydey, R. P., Klaber, M. R., Murray, S. J., Rogers, S., and Jurgensen, H. J. A multicentre, parallel-group comparison of calcipotriol ointment and short-contact dithranol therapy in chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1992;127(3):266-271. View abstract.

Bhoopalam, N., Campbell, S. C., Moritz, T., Broderick, W. R., Iyer, P., Arcenas, A. G., Van Veldhuizen, P. J., Friedman, N., Reda, D., Warren, S., and Garewal, H. Intravenous zoledronic acid to prevent osteoporosis in a veteran population with multiple risk factors for bone loss on androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol. 2009;182(5):2257-2264. View abstract.

Bianchi, M. L., Cimaz, R., Bardare, M., Zulian, F., Lepore, L., Boncompagni, A., Galbiati, E., Corona, F., Luisetto, G., Giuntini, D., Picco, P., Brandi, M. L., and Falcini, F. Efficacy and safety of alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in diffuse connective tissue diseases in children: a prospective multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(9):1960-1966. View abstract.

Bianda, T., Linka, A., Junga, G., Brunner, H., Steinert, H., Kiowski, W., and Schmid, C. Prevention of osteoporosis in heart transplant recipients: a comparison of calcitriol with calcitonin and pamidronate. Calcif.Tissue Int 2000;67(2):116-121. View abstract.

Bierschenk, L., Alexander, J., Wasserfall, C., Haller, M., Schatz, D., and Atkinson, M. Vitamin D levels in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes residing in a solar rich environment. Diabetes Care 2009;32(11):1977-1979. View abstract.

Bijlsma, J. W. Supplementation of vitamin D plus calcium is effective in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis management. Clin Exp.Rheumatol. 2000;18(1):3-4. View abstract.

Bijlsma, J. W., Raymakers, J. A., Mosch, C., Hoekstra, A., Derksen, R. H., Baart, de la Faille, and Duursma, S. A. Effect of oral calcium and vitamin D on glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia. Clin Exp.Rheumatol. 1988;6(2):113-119. View abstract.

Binder EF. Implementing a structured exercise program for frail nursing home residents with dementia. Issues and challenges. J Aging Phys Activity 1995;3:383-395.

Binkley, N., Novotny, R., Krueger, D., Kawahara, T., Daida, Y. G., Lensmeyer, G., Hollis, B. W., and Drezner, M. K. Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. J Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2007;92(6):2130-2135. View abstract.

Birkenhager-Frenkel, D. H., Pols, H. A., Zeelenberg, J., Eijgelsheim, J. J., Schot, R., Nigg, A. L., Weimar, W., Mulder, P. G., and Birkenhager, J. C. Effects of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in combination with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in predialysis renal insufficiency: biochemistry and histomorphometry of cancellous bone. J Bone Miner.Res 1995;10(2):197-204. View abstract.

Bischoff HA, Staehelin HB, and Dick W. Fall prevention by vitamin D. A randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16:163.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A. The role of falls in fracture prediction. Curr.Osteoporos.Rep 2011;9(3):116-121. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Conzelmann, M., Stahelin, H. B., Dick, W., Carpenter, M. G., Adkin, A. L., Theiler, R., Pfeifer, M., and Allum, J. H. Is fall prevention by vitamin D mediated by a change in postural or dynamic balance? Osteoporos Int 2006;17(5):656-663. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Dawson-Hughes, B., Baron, J. A., Burckhardt, P., Li, R., Spiegelman, D., Specker, B., Orav, J. E., Wong, J. B., Staehelin, H. B., O'Reilly, E., Kiel, D. P., and Willett, W. C. Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(6):1780-1790. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Dawson-Hughes, B., Baron, J. A., Kanis, J. A., Orav, E. J., Staehelin, H. B., Kiel, D. P., Burckhardt, P., Henschkowski, J., Spiegelman, D., Li, R., Wong, J. B., Feskanich, D., and Willett, W. C. Milk intake and risk of hip fracture in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26(4):833-839. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Dawson-Hughes, B., Platz, A., Orav, E. J., Stahelin, H. B., Willett, W. C., Can, U., Egli, A., Mueller, N. J., Looser, S., Bretscher, B., Minder, E., Vergopoulos, A., and Theiler, R. Effect of high-dosage cholecalciferol and extended physiotherapy on complications after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Arch.Intern.Med. 5-10-2010;170(9):813-820. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Dawson-Hughes, B., Staehelin, H. B., Orav, J. E., Stuck, A. E., Theiler, R., Wong, J. B., Egli, A., Kiel, D. P., and Henschkowski, J. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009;339:b3692. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C., Dietrich, T., and Dawson-Hughes, B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(1):18-28. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Willett, W. C., Orav, E. J., Lips, P., Meunier, P. J., Lyons, R. A., Flicker, L., Wark, J., Jackson, R. D., Cauley, J. A., Meyer, H. E., Pfeifer, M., Sanders, K. M., Stahelin, H. B., Theiler, R., and Dawson-Hughes, B. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N.Engl.J Med. 7-5-2012;367(1):40-49. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Willett, W. C., Wong, J. B., Stuck, A. E., Staehelin, H. B., Orav, E. J., Thoma, A., Kiel, D. P., and Henschkowski, J. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern.Med. 3-23-2009;169(6):551-561. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Zhang, Y., Kiel, D. P., and Felson, D. T. Positive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and bone density in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 12-15-2005;53(6):821-826. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Gluud, L. L., Nikolova, D., Whitfield, K., Wetterslev, J., Simonetti, R. G., Bjelakovic, M., and Gluud, C. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(7):CD007470. View abstract.

Bjorkman, M., Sorva, A., and Tilvis, R. Responses of parathyroid hormone to vitamin D supplementation: a systematic review of clinical trials. Arch Gerontol.Geriatr 2009;48(2):160-166. View abstract.

Bjorkman, M., Sorva, A., and Tilvis, R. Vitamin D supplementation has no major effect on pain or pain behavior in bedridden geriatric patients with advanced dementia. Aging Clin Exp.Res 2008;20(4):316-321. View abstract.

Black, D. M., Delmas, P. D., Eastell, R., Reid, I. R., Boonen, S., Cauley, J. A., Cosman, F., Lakatos, P., Leung, P. C., Man, Z., Mautalen, C., Mesenbrink, P., Hu, H., Caminis, J., Tong, K., Rosario-Jansen, T., Krasnow, J., Hue, T. F., Sellmeyer, D., Eriksen, E. F., and Cummings, S. R. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N.Engl.J.Med. 5-3-2007;356(18):1809-1822. View abstract.

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Blumberg, A., Wildbolz, A., Descoeudres, C., Hennes, U., Dambacher, M. A., Fischer, J. A., and Weidmann, P. Influence of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol on sexual dysfunction and related endocrine parameters in patiens on maintenance hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol. 1980;13(5):208-214. View abstract.

Body, J. J., Bergmann, P., Boonen, S., Devogelaer, J. P., Gielen, E., Goemaere, S., Kaufman, J. M., Rozenberg, S., and Reginster, J. Y. Extraskeletal benefits and risks of calcium, vitamin D and anti-osteoporosis medications. Osteoporos.Int 2012;23 Suppl 1:S1-23. View abstract.

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Bolland, M. J., Grey, A., Avenell, A., Gamble, G. D., and Reid, I. R. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d2040. View abstract.

Bollerslev, J., Marcocci, C., Sosa, M., Nordenstrom, J., Bouillon, R., and Mosekilde, L. Current evidence for recommendation of surgery, medical treatment and vitamin D repletion in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur.J Endocrinol. 2011;165(6):851-864. View abstract.

Bolton-Smith, C., McMurdo, M. E., Paterson, C. R., Mole, P. A., Harvey, J. M., Fenton, S. T., Prynne, C. J., Mishra, G. D., and Shearer, M. J. Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women. J.Bone Miner.Res. 2007;22(4):509-519. View abstract.

Bonakdaran, S., Ayatollahi, H., Mojahedi, M. J., Sharifipoor, F., and Shakeri, M. Impact of treatment with oral calcitriol on glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia(s) in hemodialysis patients. Saudi.J Kidney Dis.Transpl. 2008;19(6):942-947. View abstract.

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Bonnick, S., Saag, K. G., Kiel, D. P., McClung, M., Hochberg, M., Burnett, S. M., Sebba, A., Kagan, R., Chen, E., Thompson, D. E., and de Papp, A. E. Comparison of weekly treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with alendronate versus risedronate over two years. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2006;91(7):2631-2637. View abstract.

Boonen, S., Broos, P., Verbeke, G., Aerssens, J., Van, Herck E., Jans, I., Dequeker, J., and Bouillon, R. Calciotropic hormones and markers of bone remodeling in age-related (type II) femoral neck osteoporosis: alterations consistent with secondary hyperparathyroidism-induced bone resorption. J Gerontol.A Biol.Sci Med Sci 1997;52(5):M286-M293. View abstract.

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Borissova, A. M., Tankova, T., Kirilov, G., Dakovska, L., and Kovacheva, R. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2003;57(4):258-261. View abstract.

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Boutsen, Y., Jamart, J., Esselinckx, W., Stoffel, M., and Devogelaer, J. P. Primary prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with intermittent intravenous pamidronate: a randomized trial. Calcif Tissue Int 1997;61(4):266-271. View abstract.

Boyle, M. P., Noschese, M. L., Watts, S. L., Davis, M. E., Stenner, S. E., and Lechtzin, N. Failure of high-dose ergocalciferol to correct vitamin D deficiency in adults with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir.Crit Care Med 7-15-2005;172(2):212-217. View abstract.

Brandao, C. M., Lima, M. G., Silva, A. L., Silva, G. D., Guerra, A. A., Jr., and Acurcio, Fde A. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women: a systematic review. Cad.Saude Publica 2008;24 Suppl 4:s592-s606. View abstract.

Brazier M, Kamel S, Lorget F, Maamer M, Tavera C, Heurtebize N, Grados F, Mathieu M, Garabedian M, Sebert JL, and Fardellone P. Biological effects of supplementation with vitamin D and calcium in postmenopausal women with low bone mass receiving alendronate. Clinical Drug Investigation 2002;22:849-857.

Brazier, M., Grados, F., Kamel, S., Mathieu, M., Morel, A., Maamer, M., Sebert, J. L., and Fardellone, P. Clinical and laboratory safety of one year's use of a combination calcium + vitamin D tablet in ambulatory elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2005;27(12):1885-1893. View abstract.

Brekke, H. K. and Ludvigsson, J. Vitamin D supplementation and diabetes-related autoimmunity in the ABIS study. Pediatr.Diabetes 2007;8(1):11-14. View abstract.

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Brohult, J. and Jonson, B. Effects of large doses of calciferol on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind clinical trial. Scand J Rheumatol 1973;2(4):173-176. View abstract.

Brondum-Jacobsen, P., Benn, M., Jensen, G. B., and Nordestgaard, B. G. 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels and risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death: population-based study and meta-analyses of 18 and 17 studies. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2012;32(11):2794-2802. View abstract.

Brondum-Jacobsen, P., Nordestgaard, B. G., Schnohr, P., and Benn, M. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and symptomatic ischemic stroke: an original study and meta-analysis. Ann.Neurol. 2013;73(1):38-47. View abstract.

Brooke, O. G., Brown, I. R., Bone, C. D., Carter, N. D., Cleeve, H. J., Maxwell, J. D., Robinson, V. P., and Winder, S. M. Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth. Br Med J 3-15-1980;280(6216):751-754. View abstract.

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Brown SA, Aris RM, Leigh MW, Retsch-Bogart GZ, Caminiti MJ, Jennings-Grant T, Lester GE, and Ontjes DA. Baseline BMD status in children and young adults with CF: calcitriol intervention study. Pediatric Pulmonology 2005;40(Suppl):354.

Brumsen, C., Hamdy, N. A., and Papapoulos, S. E. Long-term effects of bisphosphonates on the growing skeleton. Studies of young patients with severe osteoporosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997;76(4):266-283. View abstract.

Brunner, R. L., Cochrane, B., Jackson, R. D., Larson, J., Lewis, C., Limacher, M., Rosal, M., Shumaker, S., and Wallace, R. Calcium, vitamin D supplementation, and physical function in the Women's Health Initiative. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(9):1472-1479. View abstract.

Brunner, R. L., Wactawski-Wende, J., Caan, B. J., Cochrane, B. B., Chlebowski, R. T., Gass, M. L., Jacobs, E. T., LaCroix, A. Z., Lane, D., Larson, J., Margolis, K. L., Millen, A. E., Sarto, G. E., Vitolins, M. Z., and Wallace, R. B. The effect of calcium plus vitamin D on risk for invasive cancer: results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) calcium plus vitamin D randomized clinical trial. Nutr Cancer 2011;63(6):827-841. View abstract.

Buccianti G, Valenti G, and Miradoli R. Treatment of uremic osteodystrophy. A clinical trial with calcitonin, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Dialysis and Transplantation 1981;10(6):523-528.

Buckley, D. B. A double-blind comparison of 0.1% dithranol in a 17% urea base ("Psoradrate") and base alone in the treatment of active chronic psoriasis. Curr Med Res Opin. 1978;5(6):489-494. View abstract.

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Bunout, D., Barrera, G., Leiva, L., Gattas, V., de la Maza, M. P., Avendano, M., and Hirsch, S. Effects of vitamin D supplementation and exercise training on physical performance in Chilean vitamin D deficient elderly subjects. Exp.Gerontol 2006;41(8):746-752. View abstract.

Burgaz, A., Orsini, N., Larsson, S. C., and Wolk, A. Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and hypertension: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2011;29(4):636-645. View abstract.

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Burton, J. M., Kimball, S., Vieth, R., Bar-Or, A., Dosch, H. M., Cheung, R., Gagne, D., D'Souza, C., Ursell, M., and O'Connor, P. A phase I/II dose-escalation trial of vitamin D3 and calcium in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 6-8-2010;74(23):1852-1859. View abstract.

Buttigliero, C., Monagheddu, C., Petroni, P., Saini, A., Dogliotti, L., Ciccone, G., and Berruti, A. Prognostic role of vitamin d status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in cancer patients: a systematic review. Oncologist. 2011;16(9):1215-1227. View abstract.

Caca-Biljanovska, N. G., Vlckova-Laskoska, M. T., Dervendi, D. V., Pesic, N. P., and Laskoski, D. S. Treatment of generalized morphea with oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Adv.Exp.Med Biol. 1999;455:299-304. View abstract.

Camargo, C. A., Jr., Ganmaa, D., Frazier, A. L., Kirchberg, F. F., Stuart, J. J., Kleinman, K., Sumberzul, N., and Rich-Edwards, J. W. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation and risk of acute respiratory infection in Mongolia. Pediatrics 2012;130(3):e561-e567. View abstract.

Camargo, C. A., Jr., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Litonjua, A. A., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Weiss, S. T., Gold, D. R., Kleinman, K., and Gillman, M. W. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2007;85(3):788-795. View abstract.

Cameron, I. D., Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Murray, G. R., Hill, K. D., Cumming, R. G., and Kerse, N. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;12:CD005465. View abstract.

Cameron, I. D., Murray, G. R., Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Hill, K. D., Cumming, R. G., and Kerse, N. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(1):CD005465. View abstract.

Camilleri MJ, Calobrisi SD. Skin eruptions in the diaper area. Curr Problems Dermatol 1999;11:214-243.

Caniggia, A., Delling, G., Nuti, R., Lore, F., and Vattimo, A. Clinical, biochemical and histological results of a double-blind trial with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, estradiol and placebo in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Acta Vitaminol.Enzymol. 1984;6(2):117-128. View abstract.

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Cao, S., Luo, P. F., Li, W., Tang, W. Q., Cong, X. N., and Wei, P. M. Vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphisms and tuberculosis among Chinese Han ethnic group. Chin Med.J (Engl.) 2012;125(5):920-925. View abstract.

Carbone, L. D., Rosenberg, E. W., Tolley, E. A., Holick, M. F., Hughes, T. A., Watsky, M. A., Barrow, K. D., Chen, T. C., Wilkin, N. K., Bhattacharya, S. K., Dowdy, J. C., Sayre, R. M., and Weber, K. T. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, cholesterol, and ultraviolet irradiation. Metabolism 2008;57(6):741-748. View abstract.

Carlin, A. M., Rao, D. S., Yager, K. M., Parikh, N. J., and Kapke, A. Treatment of vitamin D depletion after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized prospective clinical trial. Surg.Obes.Relat Dis. 2009;5(4):444-449. View abstract.

Carlson, L. A., Derblom, H., and Lanner, A. Effect of different doses of vitamin D on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in healthy men. Atherosclerosis 1970;12(2):313-317. View abstract.

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Carroll, C., Cooper, K., Papaioannou, D., Hind, D., Pilgrim, H., and Tappenden, P. Supplemental calcium in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2010;32(5):789-803. View abstract.

Cecilia, D., Jodar, E., Fernandez, C., Resines, C., and Hawkins, F. Effect of alendronate in elderly patients after low trauma hip fracture repair. Osteoporos.Int 2009;20(6):903-910. View abstract.

Cesur, Y., Caksen, H., Gundem, A., Kirimi, E., and Odabas, D. Comparison of low and high dose of vitamin D treatment in nutritional vitamin D deficiency rickets. J Pediatr.Endocrinol Metab 2003;16(8):1105-1109. View abstract.

Cesur, Y., Dogan, M., Ariyuca, S., Basaranoglu, M., Bektas, M. S., Peker, E., Akbayram, S., and Caksen, H. Evaluation of children with nutritional rickets. J Pediatr.Endocrinol.Metab 2011;24(1-2):35-43. View abstract.

Chaidemenos, G., Stratigos, A., Papakonstantinou, M., and Tsatsou, F. Prevention of malignant melanoma. Hippokratia. 2008;12(1):17-21. View abstract.

Chan, J. C., McEnery, P. T., Chinchilli, V. M., Abitbol, C. L., Boineau, F. G., Friedman, A. L., Lum, G. M., Roy, S., III, Ruley, E. J., and Strife, C. F. A prospective, double-blind study of growth failure in children with chronic renal insufficiency and the effectiveness of treatment with calcitriol versus dihydrotachysterol. The Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Investigators. J Pediatr. 1994;124(4):520-528. View abstract.

Chandra, R. K. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on cognitive function in elderly subjects. Nutrition 2001;17(9):709-712. View abstract.

Chang, H. C., Chen, C. L., Chiu, T. L., Chen, S. I., Yen, A. M., and Chen, T. H. Effectiveness of recombinant human erythropoietin, vitamin D3 and iron therapy on long-term survival of patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis: analysis of 702 patients after 10-year follow-up. Public Health Nutr 2009;12(12):2410-2415. View abstract.

Chang, S. S. Exploring the effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist therapy on bone health: implications in the management of prostate cancer. Urology 12-22-2003;62(6 Suppl 1):29-35. View abstract.

Chapuy, M. C., Arlot, M. E., Delmas, P. D., and Meunier, P. J. Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. BMJ 4-23-1994;308(6936):1081-1082. View abstract.

Charan, J., Goyal, J. P., Saxena, D., and Yadav, P. Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2012;3(4):300-303. View abstract.

Chen, J. T., Shiraki, M., Hasumi, K., Tanaka, N., Katase, K., Kato, T., Hirai, Y., Nakamura, T., and Ogata, E. 1-alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment decreases bone turnover and modulates calcium-regulating hormones in early postmenopausal women. Bone 1997;20(6):557-562. View abstract.

Chen, L. L., Li, H., Zhang, P. P., and Wang, S. M. Association between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and periodontitis: a meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2012;83(9):1095-1103. View abstract.

Chen, P., Hu, P., Xie, D., Qin, Y., Wang, F., and Wang, H. Meta-analysis of vitamin D, calcium and the prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;121(2):469-477. View abstract.

Cheng, J., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Li, X., and Chen, J. Efficacy and safety of paricalcitol therapy for chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Clin.J Am Soc.Nephrol. 2012;7(3):391-400. View abstract.

Cheng, S., Lyytikainen, A., Kroger, H., Lamberg-Allardt, C., Alen, M., Koistinen, A., Wang, Q. J., Suuriniemi, M., Suominen, H., Mahonen, A., Nicholson, P. H., Ivaska, K. K., Korpela, R., Ohlsson, C., Vaananen, K. H., and Tylavsky, F. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10-12-y-old girls: a 2-y randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(5):1115-1126. View abstract.

Chevalley, T., Rizzoli, R., Nydegger, V., Slosman, D., Rapin, C. H., Michel, J. P., Vasey, H., and Bonjour, J. P. Effects of calcium supplements on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-replete elderly patients. Osteoporos.Int 1994;4(5):245-252. View abstract.

Chiaverini, C., Passeron, T., and Ortonne, J. P. Treatment of vitiligo by topical calcipotriol. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16(2):137-138. View abstract.

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Chowdhury, R., Stevens, S., Ward, H., Chowdhury, S., Sajjad, A., and Franco, O. H. Circulating vitamin D, calcium and risk of cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur.J Epidemiol 2012;27(8):581-591. View abstract.

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Christensen OB, Mork NJ, and Ashton R. Comparison of a treatment phase and a follow-up phase of short contact dithranol and calcipotriol in outpatients with chronic plaque psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat 1999;10:261-265.

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Christesen, H. T., Elvander, C., Lamont, R. F., and Jorgensen, J. S. The impact of vitamin D in pregnancy on extraskeletal health in children: a systematic review. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2012;91(12):1368-1380. View abstract.

Christesen, H. T., Falkenberg, T., Lamont, R. F., and Jorgensen, J. S. The impact of vitamin D on pregnancy: a systematic review. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2012;91(12):1357-1367. View abstract.

Christiansen, C., Christensen, M. S., McNair, P., Hagen, C., Stocklund, K. E., and Transbol, I. Prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss: controlled 2-year study in 315 normal females. Eur.J Clin Invest 1980;10(4):273-279. View abstract.

Christiansen, C., Christensen, M. S., Rodbro, P., Hagen, C., and Transbol, I. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in itself or combined with hormone treatment in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. Eur.J Clin Invest 1981;11(4):305-309. View abstract.

Christiansen, C., Rodbro, P., and Lund, M. Effect of vitamin D on bone mineral mass in normal subjects and in epileptic patients on anticonvulsants: a controlled therapeutic trial. Br Med J 4-28-1973;2(5860):208-209. View abstract.

Christiansen, C., Rodbro, P., and Nielsen, C. T. Iatrogenic osteomalacia in epileptic children. A controlled therapeutic trial. Acta Paediatr.Scand 1975;64(2):219-224. View abstract.

Christiansen, C., Rodbro, P., Christensen, M. S., Hartnack, B., and Transbol, I. Deterioration of renal function during treatment of chronic renal failure with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Lancet 9-30-1978;2(8092 Pt 1):700-703. View abstract.

Chung, M., Balk, E. M., Brendel, M., Ip, S., Lau, J., Lee, J., Lichtenstein, A., Patel, K., Raman, G., Tatsioni, A., Terasawa, T., and Trikalinos, T. A. Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes. Evid.Rep Technol.Assess.(Full.Rep) 2009;(183):1-420. View abstract.

Chung, M., Lee, J., Terasawa, T., Lau, J., and Trikalinos, T. A. Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann.Intern.Med. 12-20-2011;155(12):827-838. View abstract.

Church, J., Goodall, S., Norman, R., and Haas, M. An economic evaluation of community and residential aged care falls prevention strategies in NSW. N.S.W.Public Health Bull. 2011;22(3-4):60-68. View abstract.

Cimaz, R., Gattorno, M., Sormani, M. P., Falcini, F., Zulian, F., Lepore, L., Bardare, M., Chiesa, S., Corona, F., Dubini, A., Lenhardt, A., Martini, G., Masi, L., and Bianchi, M. L. Changes in markers of bone turnover and inflammatory variables during alendronate therapy in pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol 2002;29(8):1786-1792. View abstract.

Coburn, J. W., Maung, H. M., Elangovan, L., Germain, M. J., Lindberg, J. S., Sprague, S. M., Williams, M. E., and Bishop, C. W. Doxercalciferol safely suppresses PTH levels in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(5):877-890. View abstract.

Cockburn, F., Belton, N. R., Purvis, R. J., Giles, M. M., Brown, J. K., Turner, T. L., Wilkinson, E. M., Forfar, J. O., Barrie, W. J., McKay, G. S., and Pocock, S. J. Maternal vitamin D intake and mineral metabolism in mothers and their newborn infants. Br.Med.J 7-5-1980;281(6232):11-14. View abstract.

Coco, M., Glicklich, D., Faugere, M. C., Burris, L., Bognar, I., Durkin, P., Tellis, V., Greenstein, S., Schechner, R., Figueroa, K., McDonough, P., Wang, G., and Malluche, H. Prevention of bone loss in renal transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized trial of intravenous pamidronate. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14(10):2669-2676. View abstract.

Coen G, Gallucci MT, and Bonucci E. Treatment of renal osteodystrophy (ROD) with 25-OHD3 and 1,25 (OH)2D3: Synergic effect unrelated to 24,25 (OH)2D3 synthesis. Kidney International 1982;22(1):96.

Coen G, Mazzaferro S, Manni M, Napoletano I, Fondi G, and Sardella D. Treatment with small doses of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in predialysis chronic renal failure may lower the rate of decline of renal function. Ital J Mineral Electrolyte Metab 1994;8:117-121.

Compher, C. W., Badellino, K. O., and Boullata, J. I. Vitamin D and the bariatric surgical patient: a review. Obes.Surg 2008;18(2):220-224. View abstract.

Cook, L. S., Neilson, H. K., Lorenzetti, D. L., and Lee, R. C. A systematic literature review of vitamin D and ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203(1):70-78. View abstract.

Cooper, K., Squires, H., Carroll, C., Papaioannou, D., Booth, A., Logan, R. F., Maguire, C., Hind, D., and Tappenden, P. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol.Assess. 2010;14(32):1-206. View abstract.

Cooper, L., Clifton-Bligh, P. B., Nery, M. L., Figtree, G., Twigg, S., Hibbert, E., and Robinson, B. G. Vitamin D supplementation and bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(5):1324-1329. View abstract.

Corless D, Ellis M Dawson E Fraser F. Using activities of daily living assessments to measure the effectiveness of vitamin D supplements in elderly long-stay patients. Br J Occup Ther 1987;50:60-62.

Corless, D., Dawson, E., Fraser, F., Ellis, M., Evans, S. J., Perry, J. D., Reisner, C., Silver, C. P., Beer, M., Boucher, B. J., and . Do vitamin D supplements improve the physical capabilities of elderly hospital patients? Age Ageing 1985;14(2):76-84. View abstract.

Cortet, B., Lartigau, E., Caty, A., Moulinier, F., Staerman, F., Villamizar-Vesga, J., and Villers, A. [Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and osteoporotic risk]. Prog.Urol. 2012;22 Suppl 2:S31-S38. View abstract.

Costenbader, K. H., Feskanich, D., Holmes, M., Karlson, E. W., and Benito-Garcia, E. Vitamin D intake and risks of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in women. Ann.Rheum.Dis. 2008;67(4):530-535. View abstract.

Coyne, D. W. Vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease. Ann.Intern Med 6-17-2008;148(12):969-970. View abstract.

Coyne, D., Acharya, M., Qiu, P., Abboud, H., Batlle, D., Rosansky, S., Fadem, S., Levine, B., Williams, L., Andress, D. L., and Sprague, S. M. Paricalcitol capsule for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3 and 4 CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(2):263-276. View abstract.

Crandall, C. J., Newberry, S. J., Diamant, A., Lim, Y. W., Gellad, W. F., Suttorp, M. J., Motala, A., Ewing, B., Roth, B., Shanman, R., Timmer, M., and Shekelle, P. G. 2012; View abstract.

Cranney, A., Guyatt, G., Griffith, L., Wells, G., Tugwell, P., and Rosen, C. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IX: Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):570-578. View abstract.

Cranney, A., Guyatt, G., Krolicki, N., Welch, V., Griffith, L., Adachi, J. D., Shea, B., Tugwell, P., and Wells, G. A meta-analysis of etidronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2001;12(2):140-151. View abstract.

Cranney, A., Horsley, T., O'Donnell, S., Weiler, H., Puil, L., Ooi, D., Atkinson, S., Ward, L., Moher, D., Hanley, D., Fang, M., Yazdi, F., Garritty, C., Sampson, M., Barrowman, N., Tsertsvadze, A., and Mamaladze, V. Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Evid.Rep Technol.Assess.(Full.Rep) 2007;(158):1-235. View abstract.

Cranney, A., Tugwell, P., Adachi, J., Weaver, B., Zytaruk, N., Papaioannou, A., Robinson, V., Shea, B., Wells, G., and Guyatt, G. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. III. Meta-analysis of risedronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):517-523. View abstract.

Cranney, A., Tugwell, P., Zytaruk, N., Robinson, V., Weaver, B., Adachi, J., Wells, G., Shea, B., and Guyatt, G. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IV. Meta-analysis of raloxifene for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):524-528. View abstract.

Cranney, A., Tugwell, P., Zytaruk, N., Robinson, V., Weaver, B., Shea, B., Wells, G., Adachi, J., Waldegger, L., and Guyatt, G. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VI. Meta-analysis of calcitonin for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):540-551. View abstract.

Cranney, A., Weiler, H. A., O'Donnell, S., and Puil, L. Summary of evidence-based review on vitamin D efficacy and safety in relation to bone health. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):513S-519S. View abstract.

Cranney, A., Welch, V., Adachi, J. D., Guyatt, G., Krolicki, N., Griffith, L., Shea, B., Tugwell, P., and Wells, G. Etidronate for treating and preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(4):CD003376. View abstract.

Cranney, A., Welch, V., Adachi, J. D., Homik, J., Shea, B., Suarez-Almazor, M. E., Tugwell, P., and Wells, G. Calcitonin for the treatment and prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001983. View abstract.

Cranney, A., Wells, G., Willan, A., Griffith, L., Zytaruk, N., Robinson, V., Black, D., Adachi, J., Shea, B., Tugwell, P., and Guyatt, G. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. II. Meta-analysis of alendronate for the treatment of postmenopausal women. Endocr.Rev. 2002;23(4):508-516. View abstract.

Crew, K. D., Shane, E., Cremers, S., McMahon, D. J., Irani, D., and Hershman, D. L. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency despite supplementation in premenopausal women with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 5-1-2009;27(13):2151-2156. View abstract.

Cunliffe, W. J., Berth-Jones, J., Claudy, A., Fairiss, G., Goldin, D., Gratton, D., Henderson, C. A., Holden, C. A., Maddin, W. S., Ortonne, J. P., and . Comparative study of calcipotriol (MC 903) ointment and betamethasone 17-valerate ointment in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1992;26(5 Pt 1):736-743. View abstract.

Cunningham, B. B., Landells, I. D., Langman, C., Sailer, D. E., and Paller, A. S. Topical calcipotriene for morphea/linear scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39(2 Pt 1):211-215. View abstract.

Cuppari, L., Carvalho, A. B., and Draibe, S. A. Vitamin D status of chronic kidney disease patients living in a sunny country. J Ren Nutr 2008;18(5):408-414. View abstract.

Daniel, D. and Pirotta, M. V. Fibromyalgia--should we be testing and treating for vitamin D deficiency? Aust.Fam.Physician 2011;40(9):712-716. View abstract.

Datta, M. and Schwartz, G. G. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a critical review. Oncologist. 2012;17(9):1171-1179. View abstract.

Datta, S., Alfaham, M., Davies, D. P., Dunstan, F., Woodhead, S., Evans, J., and Richards, B. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women from a non-European ethnic minority population--an interventional study. BJOG. 2002;109(8):905-908. View abstract.

Davison, B. J., Oliffe, J. L., Pickles, T., and Mroz, L. Factors influencing men undertaking active surveillance for the management of low-risk prostate cancer. Oncol.Nurs.Forum 2009;36(1):89-96. View abstract.

Dawson-Hughes, B., Dallal, G. E., Krall, E. A., Harris, S., Sokoll, L. J., and Falconer, G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann.Intern.Med. 10-1-1991;115(7):505-512. View abstract.

Dawson-Hughes, B., Dallal, G. E., Krall, E. A., Sadowski, L., Sahyoun, N., and Tannenbaum, S. A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N.Engl.J Med. 9-27-1990;323(13):878-883. View abstract.

Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S. S., Krall, E. A., Dallal, G. E., Falconer, G., and Green, C. L. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61(5):1140-1145. View abstract.

Day MCD, Sedwick HJ. The fat-soluble vitamins and dental caries in children. J Nutr. 1934;8:309-328.

de Boer, I. H., Tinker, L. F., Connelly, S., Curb, J. D., Howard, B. V., Kestenbaum, B., Larson, J. C., Manson, J. E., Margolis, K. L., Siscovick, D. S., and Weiss, N. S. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of incident diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative. Diabetes Care 2008;31(4):701-707. View abstract.

de Gruijl, F. R. and Pavel, S. The effects of a mid-winter 8-week course of sub-sunburn sunbed exposures on tanning, vitamin D status and colds. Photochem.Photobiol.Sci 2012;11(12):1848-1854. View abstract.

de Jong, E. M., Mork, N. J., Seijger, M. M., De La Brassine, M., Lauharanta, J., Jansen, C. T., Guilhou, J. J., Guillot, B., Ostrojic, A., Souteyrand, P., Vaillant, L., Barnes, L., Rogers, S., Klaber, M. R., and van de Kerkhof, P. C. The combination of calcipotriol and methotrexate compared with methotrexate and vehicle in psoriasis: results of a multicentre placebo-controlled randomized trial. Br J Dermatol 2003;148(2):318-325. View abstract.

de Nijs, R. N., Jacobs, J. W., Algra, A., Lems, W. F., and Bijlsma, J. W. Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with active vitamin D3 analogues: a review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials including organ transplantation studies. Osteoporos Int 2004;15(8):589-602. View abstract.

De Sevaux, R. G., Hoitsma, A. J., Corstens, F. H., and Wetzels, J. F. Treatment with vitamin D and calcium reduces bone loss after renal transplantation: a randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13(6):1608-1614. View abstract.

de Torrente de la Jara, Pecoud, A., and Favrat, B. Musculoskeletal pain in female asylum seekers and hypovitaminosis D3. BMJ 7-17-2004;329(7458):156-157. View abstract.

de, Zeeuw D., Agarwal, R., Amdahl, M., Audhya, P., Coyne, D., Garimella, T., Parving, H. H., Pritchett, Y., Remuzzi, G., Ritz, E., and Andress, D. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 11-6-2010;376(9752):1543-1551. View abstract.

De-Regil, L. M., Palacios, C., Ansary, A., Kulier, R., and Pena-Rosas, J. P. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD008873. View abstract.

del, Puente A., Esposito, A., Savastano, S., Carpinelli, A., Postiglione, L., and Oriente, P. Dietary calcium intake and serum vitamin D are major determinants of bone mass variations in women. A longitudinal study. Aging Clin Exp.Res 2002;14(5):382-388. View abstract.

Delfino M, Fabbrocini G, and Sammarco E. Efficacy of calcipotriol versus lactic acid cream in the treatment of lamellar and X-linked ichthyoses. J Dermatol Treat 1994;5:151-152.

Delvin, E. E., Salle, B. L., Glorieux, F. H., Adeleine, P., and David, L. S. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: effect on neonatal calcium homeostasis. J Pediatr 1986;109(2):328-334. View abstract.

Dequeker, J., Borghs, H., Van, Cleemput J., Nevens, F., Verleden, G., and Nijs, J. Transplantation osteoporosis and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in autoimmune diseases: experience with alfacalcidol. Z.Rheumatol. 2000;59 Suppl 1:53-57. View abstract.

Deroisy, R., Collette, J., Albert, A., Jupsin, I., and Reginster, J. Y. Administration of a supplement containing both calcium and vitamin D is more effective than calcium alone to reduce secondary hyperparathyroidism in postmenopausal women with low 25(OH)vitamin D circulating levels. Aging Clin Exp.Res 2002;14(1):13-17. View abstract.

Devaux, S., Castela, A., Archier, E., Gallini, A., Joly, P., Misery, L., Aractingi, S., Aubin, F., Bachelez, H., Cribier, B., Jullien, D., Le, Maitre M., Richard, M. A., Ortonne, J. P., and Paul, C. Topical vitamin D analogues alone or in association with topical steroids for psoriasis: a systematic review. J Eur.Acad.Dermatol.Venereol. 2012;26 Suppl 3:52-60. View abstract.

Dhesi, J. K., Bearne, L. M., Moniz, C., Hurley, M. V., Jackson, S. H., Swift, C. G., and Allain, T. J. Neuromuscular and psychomotor function in elderly subjects who fall and the relationship with vitamin D status. J Bone Miner.Res 2002;17(5):891-897. View abstract.

Dhesi, J. K., Jackson, S. H., Bearne, L. M., Moniz, C., Hurley, M. V., Swift, C. G., and Allain, T. J. Vitamin D supplementation improves neuromuscular function in older people who fall. Age Ageing 2004;33(6):589-595. View abstract.

Di, Monaco M., Vallero, F., Di, Monaco R., Mautino, F., and Cavanna, A. Primary hyperparathyroidism in elderly patients with hip fracture. J Bone Miner.Metab 2004;22(5):491-495. View abstract.

Di, Munno O., Beghe, F., Favini, P., Di, Giuseppe P., Pontrandolfo, A., Occhipinti, G., and Pasero, G. Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia: effect of oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium. Clin Rheumatol. 1989;8(2):202-207. View abstract.

Diamond T, McGuigan L, Schonell M, Levy S, and Rae D. A 2 year open randomized controlled trial comparing calcitriol to cyclic etidronate for the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12(Suppl1):S511.

Diamond, T. H., Higano, C. S., Smith, M. R., Guise, T. A., and Singer, F. R. Osteoporosis in men with prostate carcinoma receiving androgen-deprivation therapy: recommendations for diagnosis and therapies. Cancer 3-1-2004;100(5):892-899. View abstract.

Dickersin, K., Scherer, R., and Lefebvre, C. Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews. BMJ 11-12-1994;309(6964):1286-1291. View abstract.

Dixon, T., Mitchell, P., Beringer, T., Gallacher, S., Moniz, C., Patel, S., Pearson, G., and Ryan, P. An overview of the prevalence of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D inadequacy amongst elderly patients with or without fragility fracture in the United Kingdom. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(2):405-415. View abstract.

Djukanovic, L., Pejanovic, S., Dragojlovic, Z., and Stosovic, M. Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism with intermittent oral high doses of 1-alpha-OHD3 plus pharmacological dose of 24,25(OH)2D3. Ren Fail. 1994;16(6):715-723. View abstract.

Doria, A., Zen, M., Canova, M., Bettio, S., Bassi, N., Nalotto, L., Rampudda, M., Ghirardello, A., and Iaccarino, L. SLE diagnosis and treatment: when early is early. Autoimmun.Rev. 2010;10(1):55-60. View abstract.

Douglas, W. S., Poulin, Y., Decroix, J., Ortonne, J. P., Mrowietz, U., Gulliver, W., Krogstad, A. L., Larsen, F. G., Iglesias, L., Buckley, C., and Bibby, A. J. A new calcipotriol/betamethasone formulation with rapid onset of action was superior to monotherapy with betamethasone dipropionate or calcipotriol in psoriasis vulgaris. Acta Derm.Venereol. 2002;82(2):131-135. View abstract.

Du, X., Zhu, K., Trube, A., Zhang, Q., Ma, G., Hu, X., Fraser, D. R., and Greenfield, H. School-milk intervention trial enhances growth and bone mineral accretion in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years in Beijing. Br.J Nutr 2004;92(1):159-168. View abstract.

Dubertret, L., Wallach, D., Souteyrand, P., Perussel, M., Kalis, B., Meynadier, J., Chevrant-Breton, J., Beylot, C., Bazex, J. A., and Jurgensen, H. J. Efficacy and safety of calcipotriol (MC 903) ointment in psoriasis vulgaris. A randomized, double-blind, right/left comparative, vehicle-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27(6 Pt 1):983-988. View abstract.

Dukas, L., Schacht, E., Mazor, Z., and Stahelin, H. B. Treatment with alfacalcidol in elderly people significantly decreases the high risk of falls associated with a low creatinine clearance of <65 ml/min. Osteoporos.Int 2005;16(2):198-203. View abstract.

Durakovic, C., Malabanan, A., and Holick, M. F. Rationale for use and clinical responsiveness of hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. Br J Dermatol 2001;144(3):500-506. View abstract.

Durakovic, C., Ray, S., and Holick, M. F. Topical paricalcitol (19-nor-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2) is a novel, safe and effective treatment for plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. Br J Dermatol 2004;151(1):190-195. View abstract.

Dykman, T. R., Haralson, K. M., Gluck, O. S., Murphy, W. A., Teitelbaum, S. L., Hahn, T. J., and Hahn, B. H. Effect of oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium on glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27(12):1336-1343. View abstract.

Eastham, J. A. Bone health in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2007;177(1):17-24. View abstract.

Ebeling, P. R. and Russell, R. G. Teriparatide (rhPTH 1-34) for the treatment of osteoporosis. Int J Clin.Pract. 2003;57(8):710-718. View abstract.

Eid P, Scuderi G, Aroldi A, Ciammella M, and Nencioni T. Bone loss after renal transplantation: HRT versus calcitriol in postmenopausal recipients. Osteoporosis International 1996;6(Suppl1):294.

Eke, F. U. and Winterborn, M. H. Effect of low dose 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on glomerular filtration rate in moderate renal failure. Arch Dis.Child 1983;58(10):810-813. View abstract.

El-Agroudy, A. E., El-Husseini, A. A., El-Sayed, M., and Ghoneim, M. A. Preventing bone loss in renal transplant recipients with vitamin D. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14(11):2975-2979. View abstract.

El-Hajj, Fuleihan G., Nabulsi, M., Tamim, H., Maalouf, J., Salamoun, M., Khalife, H., Choucair, M., Arabi, A., and Vieth, R. Effect of vitamin D replacement on musculoskeletal parameters in school children: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(2):405-412. View abstract.

El-Husseini, A. A., El-Agroudy, A. E., El-Sayed, M. F., Sobh, M. A., and Ghoneim, M. A. Treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis in renal transplant children and adolescents. Pediatr.Transplant. 2004;8(4):357-361. View abstract.

El-Husseini, A. A., El-Agroudy, A. E., El-Sayed, M., Sobh, M. A., and Ghoneim, M. A. A prospective randomized study for the treatment of bone loss with vitamin d during kidney transplantation in children and adolescents. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(12):2052-2057. View abstract.

el-Reshaid, K., el-Reshaid, W., Sugathan, T., al-Mohannadi, S., and Sivanandan, R. Comparison of the efficacy of two injectable forms of vitamin D3 and oral one-alpha in treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol. 1997;17(6):505-510. View abstract.

Elamin, M. B., Abu Elnour, N. O., Elamin, K. B., Fatourechi, M. M., Alkatib, A. A., Almandoz, J. P., Liu, H., Lane, M. A., Mullan, R. J., Hazem, A., Erwin, P. J., Hensrud, D. D., Murad, M. H., and Montori, V. M. Vitamin D and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2011;96(7):1931-1942. View abstract.

Elders, P. J., Netelenbos, J. C., Lips, P., van Ginkel, F. C., Khoe, E., Leeuwenkamp, O. R., Hackeng, W. H., and van der Stelt, P. F. Calcium supplementation reduces vertebral bone loss in perimenopausal women: a controlled trial in 248 women between 46 and 55 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73(3):533-540. View abstract.

Elemraid, M. A., Mackenzie, I. J., Fraser, W. D., and Brabin, B. J. Nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of ear disease in children: a systematic review. Ann Trop.Paediatr. 2009;29(2):85-99. View abstract.

Elliot-Gibson, V., Bogoch, E. R., Jamal, S. A., and Beaton, D. E. Practice patterns in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis after a fragility fracture: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int 2004;15(10):767-778. View abstract.

Elst, E. F., Van Suijlekom-Smit, L. W., and Oranje, A. P. Treatment of linear scleroderma with oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in seven children. Pediatr Dermatol 1999;16(1):53-58. View abstract.

Emkey R, Procaccini R, and Gaich G. The effect of calcitonin on bone mass in steroid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(Suppl9):S183.

Erem, C., Tanakol, R., Alagol, F., Omer, B., and Cetin, O. Relationship of bone turnover parameters, endogenous hormones and vit D deficiency to hip fracture in elderly postmenopausal women. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;56(5):333-337. View abstract.

Erkkola, M., Kaila, M., Nwaru, B. I., Kronberg-Kippila, C., Ahonen, S., Nevalainen, J., Veijola, R., Pekkanen, J., Ilonen, J., Simell, O., Knip, M., and Virtanen, S. M. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2009;39(6):875-882. View abstract.

Ermis, O., Alpsoy, E., Cetin, L., and Yilmaz, E. Is the efficacy of psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy for vitiligo enhanced by concurrent topical calcipotriol? A placebo-controlled double-blind study. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(3):472-475. View abstract.

Escribano, J., Balaguer, A., Pagone, F., Feliu, A., and Roque, I. Figuls. Pharmacological interventions for preventing complications in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(1):CD004754. View abstract.

Etgen, T., Sander, D., Bickel, H., and Forstl, H. Mild cognitive impairment and dementia: the importance of modifiable risk factors. Dtsch.Arztebl.Int 2011;108(44):743-750. View abstract.

Evans, S. R., Nolla, J., Hanfelt, J., Shabahang, M., Nauta, R. J., and Shchepotin, I. B. Vitamin D receptor expression as a predictive marker of biological behavior in human colorectal cancer. Clin.Cancer Res 1998;4(7):1591-1595. View abstract.

Ewers, B., Gasbjerg, A., Moelgaard, C., Frederiksen, A. M., and Marckmann, P. Vitamin D status in kidney transplant patients: need for intensified routine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(2):431-437. View abstract.

Ezquerra, G. M., Regana, M. S., and Millet, P. U. Combination of acitretin and oral calcitriol for treatment of plaque-type psoriasis. Acta Derm.Venereol. 2007;87(5):449-450. View abstract.

Falch, J. A., Odegaard, O. R., Finnanger, A. M., and Matheson, I. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: no effect of three years treatment with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Acta Med.Scand. 1987;221(2):199-204. View abstract.

Falcini, F., Trapani, S., Ermini, M., and Brandi, M. L. Intravenous administration of alendronate counteracts the in vivo effects of glucocorticoids on bone remodeling. Calcif.Tissue Int 1996;58(3):166-169. View abstract.

Fan, S. L., Almond, M. K., Ball, E., Evans, K., and Cunningham, J. Pamidronate therapy as prevention of bone loss following renal transplantation. Kidney Int 2000;57(2):684-690. View abstract.

Faulkner, K. A., Cauley, J. A., Zmuda, J. M., Landsittel, D. P., Newman, A. B., Studenski, S. A., Redfern, M. S., Ensrud, K. E., Fink, H. A., Lane, N. E., and Nevitt, M. C. Higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations associated with lower fall rates in older community-dwelling women. Osteoporos Int 2006;17(9):1318-1328. View abstract.

Fedirko, V., Bostick, R. M., Goodman, M., Flanders, W. D., and Gross, M. D. Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and incident sporadic colorectal adenoma risk: a pooled case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 9-1-2010;172(5):489-500. View abstract.

Fehlings, D., Switzer, L., Agarwal, P., Wong, C., Sochett, E., Stevenson, R., Sonnenberg, L., Smile, S., Young, E., Huber, J., Milo-Manson, G., Kuwaik, G. A., and Gaebler, D. Informing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for children with cerebral palsy at risk of osteoporosis: a systematic review. Dev.Med.Child Neurol. 2012;54(2):106-116. View abstract.

Felson, D. T., Niu, J., Clancy, M., Aliabadi, P., Sack, B., Guermazi, A., Hunter, D. J., Amin, S., Rogers, G., and Booth, S. L. Low levels of vitamin D and worsening of knee osteoarthritis: results of two longitudinal studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(1):129-136. View abstract.

Fenton, C. and Plosker, G. L. Calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate: a review of its use in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Am J Clin Dermatol 2004;5(6):463-478. View abstract.

Ferguson, J. H. and Chang, A. B. Vitamin D supplementation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(4):CD007298. View abstract.

Ferguson, J. H. and Chang, A. B. Vitamin D supplementation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD007298. View abstract.

Fernandes, J. L., Viana, S. L., Rocha, A. L., Ribeiro, M. C., and Castro, L. C. Biphosphonate-induced radiographic changes in two pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases. Skeletal Radiol. 2004;33(12):732-736. View abstract.

Fischer, E. R. and Harris, D. C. Comparison of intermittent oral and intravenous calcitriol in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Nephrol. 1993;40(4):216-220. View abstract.

Fishbane, S., Chittineni, H., Packman, M., Dutka, P., Ali, N., and Durie, N. Oral paricalcitol in the treatment of patients with CKD and proteinuria: a randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(4):647-652. View abstract.

Fisher, B., Costantino, J. P., Wickerham, D. L., Redmond, C. K., Kavanah, M., Cronin, W. M., Vogel, V., Robidoux, A., Dimitrov, N., Atkins, J., Daly, M., Wieand, S., Tan-Chiu, E., Ford, L., and Wolmark, N. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 9-16-1998;90(18):1371-1388. View abstract.

Flicker, L., MacInnis, R. J., Stein, M. S., Scherer, S. C., Mead, K. E., Nowson, C. A., Thomas, J., Lowndes, C., Hopper, J. L., and Wark, J. D. Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53(11):1881-1888. View abstract.

Fliser, D., Stefanski, A., Franek, E., Fode, P., Gudarzi, A., and Ritz, E. No effect of calcitriol on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27(7):629-633. View abstract.

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Haas, M., Leko-Mohr, Z., Roschger, P., Kletzmayr, J., Schwarz, C., Mitterbauer, C., Steininger, R., Grampp, S., Klaushofer, K., Delling, G., and Oberbauer, R. Zoledronic acid to prevent bone loss in the first 6 months after renal transplantation. Kidney Int 2003;63(3):1130-1136. View abstract.

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Hamdy, N. A., Kanis, J. A., Beneton, M. N., Brown, C. B., Juttmann, J. R., Jordans, J. G., Josse, S., Meyrier, A., Lins, R. L., and Fairey, I. T. Effect of alfacalcidol on natural course of renal bone disease in mild to moderate renal failure. BMJ 2-11-1995;310(6976):358-363. View abstract.

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Hartman, T. J., Albert, P. S., Snyder, K., Slattery, M. L., Caan, B., Paskett, E., Iber, F., Kikendall, J. W., Marshall, J., Shike, M., Weissfeld, J., Brewer, B., Schatzkin, A., and Lanza, E. The association of calcium and vitamin D with risk of colorectal adenomas. J Nutr 2005;135(2):252-259. View abstract.

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Harwood, R. H., Sahota, O., Gaynor, K., Masud, T., and Hosking, D. J. A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. Age Ageing 2004;33(1):45-51. View abstract.

Haseen, F., Murray, L. J., O'Neill, R. F., O'Sullivan, J. M., and Cantwell, M. M. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 6 month dietary and physical activity intervention for prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy. Trials 2010;11:86. View abstract.

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Haworth, C. S., Jones, A. M., Adams, J. E., Selby, P. L., and Webb, A. K. Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial investigating the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst.Fibros. 2004;3(4):233-236. View abstract.

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Heist, R. S., Zhou, W., Wang, Z., Liu, G., Neuberg, D., Su, L., Asomaning, K., Hollis, B. W., Lynch, T. J., Wain, J. C., Giovannucci, E., and Christiani, D. C. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D, VDR polymorphisms, and survival in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin.Oncol. 12-1-2008;26(34):5596-5602. View abstract.

Helliwell, P. S., Ibrahim, G. H., Karim, Z., Sokoll, K., and Johnson, H. Unexplained musculoskeletal pain in people of South Asian ethnic group referred to a rheumatology clinic - relationship to biochemical osteomalacia, persistence over time and response to treatment with calcium and vitamin D. Clin.Exp.Rheumatol. 2006;24(4):424-427. View abstract.

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Israeli, R. S., Rosenberg, S. J., Saltzstein, D. R., Gottesman, J. E., Goldstein, H. R., Hull, G. W., Tran, D. N., Warsi, G. M., and Lacerna, L. V. The effect of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Clin.Genitourin.Cancer 2007;5(4):271-277. View abstract.

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Janssens, W., Bouillon, R., Claes, B., Carremans, C., Lehouck, A., Buysschaert, I., Coolen, J., Mathieu, C., Decramer, M., and Lambrechts, D. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in COPD and correlates with variants in the vitamin D-binding gene. Thorax 2010;65(3):215-220. View abstract.

Javanbakht, M. H., Keshavarz, S. A., Djalali, M., Siassi, F., Eshraghian, M. R., Firooz, A., Seirafi, H., Ehsani, A. H., Chamari, M., and Mirshafiey, A. Randomized controlled trial using vitamins E and D supplementation in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog.Treat. 2011;22(3):144-150. View abstract.

Jean, G., Terrat, J. C., Vanel, T., Hurot, J. M., Lorriaux, C., Mayor, B., and Chazot, C. Daily oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation for vitamin D deficiency in haemodialysis patients: effects on mineral metabolism and bone markers. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2008;23(11):3670-3676. View abstract.

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Jeffery, J. R., Leslie, W. D., Karpinski, M. E., Nickerson, P. W., and Rush, D. N. Prevalence and treatment of decreased bone density in renal transplant recipients: a randomized prospective trial of calcitriol versus alendronate. Transplantation 11-27-2003;76(10):1498-1502. View abstract.

Jekler, J. and Swanbeck, G. One-minute dithranol therapy in psoriasis: a placebo-controlled paired comparative study. Acta Derm.Venereol. 1992;72(6):449-450. View abstract.

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Jensen, C., Holloway, L., Block, G., Spiller, G., Gildengorin, G., Gunderson, E., Butterfield, G., and Marcus, R. Long-term effects of nutrient intervention on markers of bone remodeling and calciotropic hormones in late-postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(6):1114-1120. View abstract.

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Jones, C. L., Vieth, R., Spino, M., Ledermann, S., Kooh, S. W., Balfe, J., and Balfe, J. W. Comparisons between oral and intraperitoneal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in children treated with peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nephrol 1994;42(1):44-49. View abstract.

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Jorgensen, S. P., Agnholt, J., Glerup, H., Lyhne, S., Villadsen, G. E., Hvas, C. L., Bartels, L. E., Kelsen, J., Christensen, L. A., and Dahlerup, J. F. Clinical trial: vitamin D3 treatment in Crohn's disease - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment.Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(3):377-383. View abstract.

Judd, S. E., Nanes, M. S., Ziegler, T. R., Wilson, P. W., and Tangpricha, V. Optimal vitamin D status attenuates the age-associated increase in systolic blood pressure in white Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(1):136-141. View abstract.

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Juttmann JR and Birkenhager JC. Treatment of predialysis renal bone disease (RBD) with 1alpha (OH) vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D3. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 1979;22(5):172.

Kalra, P., Das, V., Agarwal, A., Kumar, M., Ramesh, V., Bhatia, E., Gupta, S., Singh, S., Saxena, P., and Bhatia, V. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on neonatal mineral homeostasis and anthropometry of the newborn and infant. Br.J Nutr 9-28-2012;108(6):1052-1058. View abstract.

Kalyani, R. R., Stein, B., Valiyil, R., Manno, R., Maynard, J. W., and Crews, D. C. Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010;58(7):1299-1310. View abstract.

Kanaji, A., Higashi, M., Namisato, M., Nishio, M., Ando, K., and Yamada, H. Effects of risedronate on lumbar bone mineral density, bone resorption, and incidence of vertebral fracture in elderly male patients with leprosy. Lepr.Rev 2006;77(2):147-153. View abstract.

Kananen, K., Volin, L., Laitinen, K., Alfthan, H., Ruutu, T., and Valimaki, M. J. Prevention of bone loss after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by calcium, vitamin D, and sex hormone replacement with or without pamidronate. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2005;90(7):3877-3885. View abstract.

Kandula, P., Dobre, M., Schold, J. D., Schreiber, M. J., Jr., Mehrotra, R., and Navaneethan, S. D. Vitamin D supplementation in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(1):50-62. View abstract.

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Karkkainen, M. K., Tuppurainen, M., Salovaara, K., Sandini, L., Rikkonen, T., Sirola, J., Honkanen, R., Arokoski, J., Alhava, E., and Kroger, H. Does daily vitamin D 800 IU and calcium 1000 mg supplementation decrease the risk of falling in ambulatory women aged 65-71 years? A 3-year randomized population-based trial (OSTPRE-FPS). Maturitas 2010;65(4):359-365. View abstract.

Karpf, D. B., Shapiro, D. R., Seeman, E., Ensrud, K. E., Johnston, C. C., Jr., Adami, S., Harris, S. T., Santora, A. C., Hirsch, L. J., Oppenheimer, L., and Thompson, D. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures by alendronate. A meta-analysis. Alendronate Osteoporosis Treatment Study Groups. JAMA 4-9-1997;277(14):1159-1164. View abstract.

Katoh, N. and Kishimoto, S. Combination of calcipotriol and clobetasol propionate as a premixed ointment for the treatment of psoriasis. Eur.J Dermatol. 2003;13(4):382-384. View abstract.

Kaufmann, R., Bibby, A. J., Bissonnette, R., Cambazard, F., Chu, A. C., Decroix, J., Douglas, W. S., Lowson, D., Mascaro, J. M., Murphy, G. M., and Stymne, B. A new calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate formulation (Daivobet) is an effective once-daily treatment for psoriasis vulgaris. Dermatology 2002;205(4):389-393. View abstract.

Kawaura A. Inhibitory effect of long term 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 administration on Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2006;38:103-106.

Kesse, E., Boutron-Ruault, M. C., Norat, T., Riboli, E., and Clavel-Chapelon, F. Dietary calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, dairy products and the risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer among French women of the E3N-EPIC prospective study. Int J Cancer 10-20-2005;117(1):137-144. View abstract.

Khajehdehi, P. and Taheri, S. Effect of oral calcitriol pulse therapy on the lipid, calcium, and glucose homeostasis of hemodialysis-patients: its safety in a combination with oral calcium carbonate. J Ren Nutr 2003;13(2):78-83. View abstract.

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Khoo, B. P., Tay, Y. K., and Goh, C. L. Calcipotriol ointment vs. betamethasone 17-valerate ointment in the treatment of lichen amyloidosis. Int J Dermatol 1999;38(7):539-541. View abstract.

Kimball, S. M., Ursell, M. R., O'Connor, P., and Vieth, R. Safety of vitamin D3 in adults with multiple sclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(3):645-651. View abstract.

Kinney, D. K., Teixeira, P., Hsu, D., Napoleon, S. C., Crowley, D. J., Miller, A., Hyman, W., and Huang, E. Relation of schizophrenia prevalence to latitude, climate, fish consumption, infant mortality, and skin color: a role for prenatal vitamin d deficiency and infections? Schizophr.Bull. 2009;35(3):582-595. View abstract.

Kirii, K., Mizoue, T., Iso, H., Takahashi, Y., Kato, M., Inoue, M., Noda, M., and Tsugane, S. Calcium, vitamin D and dairy intake in relation to type 2 diabetes risk in a Japanese cohort. Diabetologia 2009;52(12):2542-2550. View abstract.

Kiss I, McCreary HL, Siskin SB, and Epinette WW. A Randomized, Double- Blind, Parallel Group, Dose-Ranging Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Calcipotriene Solution in the Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis. American Academy of Dermatology, 54th annual Meeting. 1996;

Klaus G, Hinderer J, Lingens B, Keuth B, Querfield U, and Mehls O. Comparison of intermittent and continuous (daily) oral calcitriol for treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism in children on dialysis Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis. Pediatric Nephrology 1995;9(6):C75.

Knekt, P., Laaksonen, M., Mattila, C., Harkanen, T., Marniemi, J., Heliovaara, M., Rissanen, H., Montonen, J., and Reunanen, A. Serum vitamin D and subsequent occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Epidemiology 2008;19(5):666-671. View abstract.

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Koeffler, H. P., Aslanian, N., and O'Kelly, J. Vitamin D(2) analog (Paricalcitol; Zemplar) for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk.Res 2005;29(11):1259-1262. View abstract.

Komulainen, M. H., Kroger, H., Tuppurainen, M. T., Heikkinen, A. M., Alhava, E., Honkanen, R., and Saarikoski, S. HRT and Vit D in prevention of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women; a 5 year randomized trial. Maturitas 11-30-1998;31(1):45-54. View abstract.

Komulainen, M., Kroger, H., Tuppurainen, M. T., Heikkinen, A. M., Alhava, E., Honkanen, R., Jurvelin, J., and Saarikoski, S. Prevention of femoral and lumbar bone loss with hormone replacement therapy and vitamin D3 in early postmenopausal women: a population-based 5-year randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(2):546-552. View abstract.

Kovac, D., Lindic, J., Kandus, A., and Bren, A. F. Prevention of bone loss in kidney graft recipients. Transplant.Proc 2001;33(1-2):1144-1145. View abstract.

Kragballe K, Beck HI, and Søgaard H. Improvement of Psoriasis by a Topical Vitamin D3 Analogue (Mc 903) in a Double-Blind Study. British Journal Of Dermatology 1988;119(2):223-230.

Kragballe, K., Barnes, L., Hamberg, K. J., Hutchinson, P., Murphy, F., Moller, S., Ruzicka, T., and van de Kerkhof, P. C. Calcipotriol cream with or without concurrent topical corticosteroid in psoriasis: tolerability and efficacy. Br.J Dermatol. 1998;139(4):649-654. View abstract.

Kragballe, K., Gjertsen, B. T., De, Hoop D., Karlsmark, T., van de Kerkhof, P. C., Larko, O., Nieboer, C., Roed-Petersen, J., Strand, A., and Tikjob, G. Double-blind, right/left comparison of calcipotriol and betamethasone valerate in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Lancet 1-26-1991;337(8735):193-196. View abstract.

Kragballe, K., Noerrelund, K. L., Lui, H., Ortonne, J. P., Wozel, G., Uurasmaa, T., Fleming, C., Estebaranz, J. L., Hanssen, L. I., and Persson, L. M. Efficacy of once-daily treatment regimens with calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment and calcipotriol ointment in psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2004;150(6):1167-1173. View abstract.

Kragballe, K., Steijlen, P. M., Ibsen, H. H., van de Kerkhof, P. C., Esmann, J., Sorensen, L. H., and Axelsen, M. B. Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of calcipotriol ointment in disorders of keratinization. Results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, right/left comparative study. Arch Dermatol 1995;131(5):556-560. View abstract.

Krause, R., Buhring, M., Hopfenmuller, W., Holick, M. F., and Sharma, A. M. Ultraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet 8-29-1998;352(9129):709-710. View abstract.

Krieg, M. A., Jacquet, A. F., Bremgartner, M., Cuttelod, S., Thiebaud, D., and Burckhardt, P. Effect of supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium on quantitative ultrasound of bone in elderly institutionalized women: a longitudinal study. Osteoporos.Int 1999;9(6):483-488. View abstract.

Kriegel, M. A., Manson, J. E., and Costenbader, K. H. Does vitamin d affect risk of developing autoimmune disease?: a systematic review. Semin.Arthritis Rheum. 2011;40(6):512-531. View abstract.

Kriesel, J. D. and Spruance, J. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3) coadministered with influenza vaccine does not enhance humoral immunity in human volunteers. Vaccine 4-9-1999;17(15-16):1883-1888. View abstract.

Kukuljan, S., Nowson, C. A., Bass, S. L., Sanders, K., Nicholson, G. C., Seibel, M. J., Salmon, J., and Daly, R. M. Effects of a multi-component exercise program and calcium-vitamin-D3-fortified milk on bone mineral density in older men: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoporos.Int 2009;20(7):1241-1251. View abstract.

Kumaran, M. S., Kaur, I., and Kumar, B. Effect of topical calcipotriol, betamethasone dipropionate and their combination in the treatment of localized vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20(3):269-273. View abstract.

Laaksi, I., Ruohola, J. P., Mattila, V., Auvinen, A., Ylikomi, T., and Pihlajamaki, H. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish men. J Infect.Dis. 9-1-2010;202(5):809-814. View abstract.

Laaksonen, M. A., Knekt, P., Rissanen, H., Harkanen, T., Virtala, E., Marniemi, J., Aromaa, A., Heliovaara, M., and Reunanen, A. The relative importance of modifiable potential risk factors of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of two cohorts. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(2):115-124. View abstract.

LaCroix, A. Z., Kotchen, J., Anderson, G., Brzyski, R., Cauley, J. A., Cummings, S. R., Gass, M., Johnson, K. C., Ko, M., Larson, J., Manson, J. E., Stefanick, M. L., and Wactawski-Wende, J. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 2009;64(5):559-567. View abstract.

Lagunova, Z., Porojnicu, A. C., Grant, W. B., Bruland, O., and Moan, J. E. Obesity and increased risk of cancer: does decrease of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with increasing body mass index explain some of the association? Mol.Nutr Food Res 2010;54(8):1127-1133. View abstract.

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Li, X., Liao, L., Yan, X., Huang, G., Lin, J., Lei, M., Wang, X., and Zhou, Z. Protective effects of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on residual beta-cell function in patients with adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009;25(5):411-416. View abstract.

Li-Ng, M., Aloia, J. F., Pollack, S., Cunha, B. A., Mikhail, M., Yeh, J., and Berbari, N. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections. Epidemiol.Infect. 2009;137(10):1396-1404. View abstract.

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Lind, L., Pollare, T., Hvarfner, A., Lithell, H., Sorensen, O. H., and Ljunghall, S. Long-term treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) in middle-aged men with impaired glucose tolerance. Effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity, glucose tolerance and blood pressure. Diabetes Res 1989;11(3):141-147. View abstract.

Lind, L., Wengle, B., and Ljunghall, S. Blood pressure is lowered by vitamin D (alphacalcidol) during long-term treatment of patients with intermittent hypercalcaemia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Med Scand 1987;222(5):423-427. View abstract.

Lind, L., Wengle, B., Lithell, H., and Ljunghall, S. No major metabolic alterations accompany the hypotensive effect of active vitamin D. Ups.J Med.Sci 1991;96(3):199-204. View abstract.

Lind, L., Wengle, B., Wide, L., and Ljunghall, S. Reduction of blood pressure during long-term treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) is dependent on plasma renin activity and calcium status. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Hypertens. 1989;2(1):20-25. View abstract.

Lind, L., Wengle, B., Wide, L., Sorensen, O. H., and Ljunghall, S. Hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism--reduction of blood pressure by long-term treatment with vitamin D (alphacalcidol). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Hypertens. 1988;1(4 Pt 1):397-402. View abstract.

Lippuner, K., Haller, B., Casez, J. P., Montandon, A., and Jaeger, P. Effect of disodium monofluorophosphate, calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in patients chronically treated with glucocorticosteroids: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1996;22(4):207-213. View abstract.

Lips, P., van Ginkel, F. C., Jongen, M. J., Rubertus, F., van der Vijgh, W. J., and Netelenbos, J. C. Determinants of vitamin D status in patients with hip fracture and in elderly control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;46(6):1005-1010. View abstract.

Lips, P., Wiersinga, A., van Ginkel, F. C., Jongen, M. J., Netelenbos, J. C., Hackeng, W. H., Delmas, P. D., and van der Vijgh, W. J. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and parathyroid function in elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67(4):644-650. View abstract.

Lipworth, L., Bender, T. J., Rossi, M., Bosetti, C., Negri, E., Talamini, R., Giacosa, A., Franceschi, S., McLaughlin, J. K., and La, Vecchia C. Dietary vitamin D intake and cancers of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in Italy. Nutr Cancer 2009;61(1):70-75. View abstract.

Lister RK, Woodrow Sl, Hughes JH, Cerio R, Norris PG, and Griffiths CEM. Can dithranol have a lasting effect and bemore acceptable to patients? Micanol Cream - a trial of 171 patients with psoriasis. British Journal Of Dermatology 1997;137(Suppl50):17.

Liu, E., Meigs, J. B., Pittas, A. G., Economos, C. D., McKeown, N. M., Booth, S. L., and Jacques, P. F. Predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D score and incident type 2 diabetes in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin.Nutr 2010;91(6):1627-1633. View abstract.

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Ljunghall, S., Lind, L., Lithell, H., Skarfors, E., Selinus, I., Sorensen, O. H., and Wide, L. Treatment with one-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in middle-aged men with impaired glucose tolerance--a prospective randomized double-blind study. Acta Med Scand 1987;222(4):361-367. View abstract.

Llach, F., Keshav, G., Goldblat, M. V., Lindberg, J. S., Sadler, R., Delmez, J., Arruda, J., Lau, A., and Slatopolsky, E. Suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion in hemodialysis patients by a novel vitamin D analogue: 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(2 Suppl 2):S48-S54. View abstract.

Lovell, D. J., Glass, D., Ranz, J., Kramer, S., Huang, B., Sierra, R. I., Henderson, C. J., Passo, M., Graham, B., Bowyer, S., Higgins, G., Rennebohm, R., Schikler, K. N., and Giannini, E. A randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation to increase bone mineral density in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(7):2235-2242. View abstract.

Lowenthal, M. N. and Shany, S. Osteomalacia in Bedouin women of the Negev. Isr.J Med.Sci 1994;30(7):520-523. View abstract.

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Lufkin, E. G., Whitaker, M. D., Nickelsen, T., Argueta, R., Caplan, R. H., Knickerbocker, R. K., and Riggs, B. L. Treatment of established postmenopausal osteoporosis with raloxifene: a randomized trial. J Bone Miner.Res 1998;13(11):1747-1754. View abstract.

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Lundin, A. C., Soderkvist, P., Eriksson, B., Bergman-Jungestrom, M., and Wingren, S. Association of breast cancer progression with a vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism. South-East Sweden Breast Cancer Group. Cancer Res 5-15-1999;59(10):2332-2334. View abstract.

Lyles, K. W., Colon-Emeric, C. S., Magaziner, J. S., Adachi, J. D., Pieper, C. F., Mautalen, C., Hyldstrup, L., Recknor, C., Nordsletten, L., Moore, K. A., Lavecchia, C., Zhang, J., Mesenbrink, P., Hodgson, P. K., Abrams, K., Orloff, J. J., Horowitz, Z., Eriksen, E. F., and Boonen, S. Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. N.Engl.J Med 11-1-2007;357(18):1799-1809. View abstract.

Lyons, R. A., Johansen, A., Brophy, S., Newcombe, R. G., Phillips, C. J., Lervy, B., Evans, R., Wareham, K., and Stone, M. D. Preventing fractures among older people living in institutional care: a pragmatic randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos.Int 2007;18(6):811-818. View abstract.

Ma, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, F., Yang, J., Liu, Z., and Qin, H. Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of prospective studies. J Clin.Oncol. 10-1-2011;29(28):3775-3782. View abstract.

MacDonald, D., Lau, E., Chan, E. L., Mak, T., Woo, J., Leung, P. C., and Swaminathan, R. Serum intact parathyroid hormone levels in elderly Chinese females with hip fracture. Calcif.Tissue Int 1992;51(6):412-414. View abstract.

MacLean, C., Newberry, S., Maglione, M., McMahon, M., Ranganath, V., Suttorp, M., Mojica, W., Timmer, M., Alexander, A., McNamara, M., Desai, S. B., Zhou, A., Chen, S., Carter, J., Tringale, C., Valentine, D., Johnsen, B., and Grossman, J. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of treatments to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. Ann.Intern.Med. 2-5-2008;148(3):197-213. View abstract.

Magno, C., Anastasi, G., Morabito, N., Gaudio, A., Maisano, D., Franchina, F., Gali, A., Frisina, N., and Melloni, D. Preventing bone loss during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: early experience with neridronate. Eur.Urol. 2005;47(5):575-580. View abstract.

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Mak, R. H., Turner, C., Thompson, T., Powell, H., Haycock, G. B., and Chantler, C. Suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism in children with chronic renal failure by high dose phosphate binders: calcium carbonate versus aluminium hydroxide. Br.Med.J (Clin Res Ed) 9-7-1985;291(6496):623-627. View abstract.

Maki, K. C., Rubin, M. R., Wong, L. G., McManus, J. F., Jensen, C. D., and Lawless, A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and other cardiovascular disease risk markers in subjects with elevated waist circumference. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011;62(4):318-327. View abstract.

Mallet, E., Gugi, B., Brunelle, P., Henocq, A., Basuyau, J. P., and Lemeur, H. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a controlled trial of two methods. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68(3):300-304. View abstract.

Manaseki-Holland, S., Qader, G., Isaq, Masher M., Bruce, J., Zulf, Mughal M., Chandramohan, D., and Walraven, G. Effects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trial. Trop.Med.Int Health 2010;15(10):1148-1155. View abstract.

Manders, M., de Groot, L. C., Hoefnagels, W. H., Dhonukshe-Rutten, R. A., Wouters-Wesseling, W., Mulders, A. J., and van Staveren, W. A. The effect of a nutrient dense drink on mental and physical function in institutionalized elderly people. J Nutr Health Aging 2009;13(9):760-767. View abstract.

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Marjamaki, L., Niinisto, S., Kenward, M. G., Uusitalo, L., Uusitalo, U., Ovaskainen, M. L., Kronberg-Kippila, C., Simell, O., Veijola, R., Ilonen, J., Knip, M., and Virtanen, S. M. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring. Diabetologia 2010;53(8):1599-1607. View abstract.

Martin, K. J., Gonzalez, E. A., Gellens, M., Hamm, L. L., Abboud, H., and Lindberg, J. 19-Nor-1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (Paricalcitol) safely and effectively reduces the levels of intact parathyroid hormone in patients on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9(8):1427-1432. View abstract.

Martineau, A. R., Timms, P. M., Bothamley, G. H., Hanifa, Y., Islam, K., Claxton, A. P., Packe, G. E., Moore-Gillon, J. C., Darmalingam, M., Davidson, R. N., Milburn, H. J., Baker, L. V., Barker, R. D., Woodward, N. J., Venton, T. R., Barnes, K. E., Mullett, C. J., Coussens, A. K., Rutterford, C. M., Mein, C. A., Davies, G. R., Wilkinson, R. J., Nikolayevskyy, V., Drobniewski, F. A., Eldridge, S. M., and Griffiths, C. J. High-dose vitamin D(3) during intensive-phase antimicrobial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1-15-2011;377(9761):242-250. View abstract.

Martineau, A. R., Wilkinson, R. J., Wilkinson, K. A., Newton, S. M., Kampmann, B., Hall, B. M., Packe, G. E., Davidson, R. N., Eldridge, S. M., Maunsell, Z. J., Rainbow, S. J., Berry, J. L., and Griffiths, C. J. A single dose of vitamin D enhances immunity to mycobacteria. Am J Respir.Crit Care Med 7-15-2007;176(2):208-213. View abstract.

Martinez, C., Virgili, N., Cuerda, C., Chicharro, L., Gomez, P., Moreno, J. M., Alvarez, J., Marti, E., Matia, P., Penacho, M. A., Garde, C., De, Luis D., Gonzalo, M., and Lobo, G. [Transversal study on the prevalence of Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD) and Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) in Spain: data from NADYA group]. Nutr Hosp. 2010;25(6):920-924. View abstract.

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Matias, P. J., Jorge, C., Ferreira, C., Borges, M., Aires, I., Amaral, T., Gil, C., Cortez, J., and Ferreira, A. Cholecalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis patients: effects on mineral metabolism, inflammation, and cardiac dimension parameters. Clin.J Am Soc.Nephrol. 2010;5(5):905-911. View abstract.

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McClung, M. R., Lewiecki, E. M., Cohen, S. B., Bolognese, M. A., Woodson, G. C., Moffett, A. H., Peacock, M., Miller, P. D., Lederman, S. N., Chesnut, C. H., Lain, D., Kivitz, A. J., Holloway, D. L., Zhang, C., Peterson, M. C., and Bekker, P. J. Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N.Engl.J Med 2-23-2006;354(8):821-831. View abstract.

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Mizoue, T., Kimura, Y., Toyomura, K., Nagano, J., Kono, S., Mibu, R., Tanaka, M., Kakeji, Y., Maehara, Y., Okamura, T., Ikejiri, K., Futami, K., Yasunami, Y., Maekawa, T., Takenaka, K., Ichimiya, H., and Imaizumi, N. Calcium, dairy foods, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer risk: the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(10):2800-2807. View abstract.

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Murad, M. H., Drake, M. T., Mullan, R. J., Mauck, K. F., Stuart, L. M., Lane, M. A., Abu Elnour, N. O., Erwin, P. J., Hazem, A., Puhan, M. A., Li, T., and Montori, V. M. Clinical review. Comparative effectiveness of drug treatments to prevent fragility fractures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2012;97(6):1871-1880. View abstract.

Murad, M. H., Elamin, K. B., Abu Elnour, N. O., Elamin, M. B., Alkatib, A. A., Fatourechi, M. M., Almandoz, J. P., Mullan, R. J., Lane, M. A., Liu, H., Erwin, P. J., Hensrud, D. D., and Montori, V. M. Clinical review: The effect of vitamin D on falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2011;96(10):2997-3006. View abstract.

Murdoch, D. R., Slow, S., Chambers, S. T., Jennings, L. C., Stewart, A. W., Priest, P. C., Florkowski, C. M., Livesey, J. H., Camargo, C. A., and Scragg, R. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults: the VIDARIS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 10-3-2012;308(13):1333-1339. View abstract.

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Oliver, D., Connelly, J. B., Victor, C. R., Shaw, F. E., Whitehead, A., Genc, Y., Vanoli, A., Martin, F. C., and Gosney, M. A. Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 1-13-2007;334(7584):82. View abstract.

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Orimo, H., Shiraki, M., Hayashi, Y., Hoshino, T., Onaya, T., Miyazaki, S., Kurosawa, H., Nakamura, T., and Ogawa, N. Effects of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on lumbar bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1994;54(5):370-376. View abstract.

Ortonne, J. P., Humbert, P., Nicolas, J. F., Tsankov, N., Tonev, S. D., Janin, A., Czernielewski, J., Lahfa, M., and Dubertret, L. Intra-individual comparison of the cutaneous safety and efficacy of calcitriol 3 microg g(-1) ointment and calcipotriol 50 microg g(-1) ointment on chronic plaque psoriasis localized in facial, hairline, retroauricular or flexural areas. Br J Dermatol 2003;148(2):326-333. View abstract.

Ortonne, J. P., Kaufmann, R., Lecha, M., and Goodfield, M. Efficacy of treatment with calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate followed by calcipotriol alone compared with tacalcitol for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a randomised, double-blind trial. Dermatology 2004;209(4):308-313. View abstract.

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Orwoll, E. S., Oviatt, S. K., McClung, M. R., Deftos, L. J., and Sexton, G. The rate of bone mineral loss in normal men and the effects of calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation. Ann.Intern.Med. 1-1-1990;112(1):29-34. View abstract.

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Oudshoorn, C., Mattace-Raso, F. U., Van, der, V, Colin, E. M., and van der Cammen, T. J. Higher serum vitamin D3 levels are associated with better cognitive test performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement.Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008;25(6):539-543. View abstract.

Paik, J. M., Curhan, G. C., and Taylor, E. N. Calcium intake and risk of primary hyperparathyroidism in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012;345:e6390. View abstract.

Palmer, S. C., McGregor, D. O., and Strippoli, G. F. Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2007;(3):CD005015. View abstract.

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Palmer, S. C., McGregor, D. O., Craig, J. C., Elder, G., Macaskill, P., and Strippoli, G. F. Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(4):CD005633. View abstract.

Palmer, S. C., McGregor, D. O., Macaskill, P., Craig, J. C., Elder, G. J., and Strippoli, G. F. Meta-analysis: vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease. Ann.Intern Med 12-18-2007;147(12):840-853. View abstract.

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Palmer, S., McGregor, D. O., and Strippoli, G. F. Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2005;(2):CD005015. View abstract.

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Panichi, V., Andreini, B., De, Pietro S., Migliori, M., Taccola, D., Giovannini, L., Ferdeghini, M., and Palla, R. Calcitriol oral therapy for the prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with predialytic renal failure. Clin Nephrol. 1998;49(4):245-250. View abstract.

Panju, A. H., Breunis, H., Cheung, A. M., Leach, M., Fleshner, N., Warde, P., Duff-Canning, S., Krahn, M., Naglie, G., Tannock, I., Tomlinson, G., and Alibhai, S. M. Management of decreased bone mineral density in men starting androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. BJU.Int 2009;103(6):753-757. View abstract.

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Papp, K. A., Guenther, L., Boyden, B., Larsen, F. G., Harvima, R. J., Guilhou, J. J., Kaufmann, R., Rogers, S., van de Kerkhof, P. C., Hanssen, L. I., Tegner, E., Burg, G., Talbot, D., and Chu, A. Early onset of action and efficacy of a combination of calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48(1):48-54. View abstract.

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Parekh, D., Sarathi, V., Shivane, V. K., Bandgar, T. R., Menon, P. S., and Shah, N. S. Pilot study to evaluate the effect of short-term improvement in vitamin D status on glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr.Pract. 2010;16(4):600-608. View abstract.

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Parker, J., Hashmi, O., Dutton, D., Mavrodaris, A., Stranges, S., Kandala, N. B., Clarke, A., and Franco, O. H. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2010;65(3):225-236. View abstract.

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Patel, P., Poretsky, L., and Liao, E. Lack of effect of subtherapeutic vitamin D treatment on glycemic and lipid parameters in Type 2 diabetes: A pilot prospective randomized trial. J Diabetes 2010;2(1):36-40. View abstract.

Patel, R., Collins, D., Bullock, S., Swaminathan, R., Blake, G. M., and Fogelman, I. The effect of season and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in healthy women: a double-masked crossover study. Osteoporos Int 2001;12(4):319-325. View abstract.

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Paul, G., Brehm, J. M., Alcorn, J. F., Holguin, F., Aujla, S. J., and Celedon, J. C. Vitamin D and asthma. Am J Respir.Crit Care Med. 1-15-2012;185(2):124-132. View abstract.

Peacock, M., Liu, G., Carey, M., McClintock, R., Ambrosius, W., Hui, S., and Johnston, C. C. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(9):3011-3019. View abstract.

Peichl, P., Rintelen, B., Kumpan, W., and Broll, H. Increase of axial and appendicular trabecular and cortical bone density in established osteoporosis with intermittent nasal salmon calcitonin therapy. Gynecol.Endocrinol. 1999;13(1):7-14. View abstract.

Pereira, I. A., Mota, L. M., Cruz, B. A., Brenol, C. V., Fronza, L. S., Bertolo, M. B., Freitas, M. V., Silva, N. A., Louzada-Junior, P., Giorgi, R. D., Lima, R. A., and Pinheiro, Gda R. 2012 Brazilian Society of Rheumatology Consensus on the management of comorbidities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rev.Bras.Reumatol. 2012;52(4):474-495. View abstract.

Pereira, R. M., Carvalho, J. F., Paula, A. P., Zerbini, C., Domiciano, D. S., Goncalves, H., Danowski, J. S., Marques Neto, J. F., Mendonca, L. M., Bezerra, M. C., Terreri, M. T., Imamura, M., Weingrill, P., Plapler, P. G., Radominski, S., Tourinho, T., Szejnfeld, V. L., and Andrada, N. C. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Rev.Bras.Reumatol. 2012;52(4):580-593. View abstract.

Perez, A., Chen, T. C., Turner, A., Raab, R., Bhawan, J., Poche, P., and Holick, M. F. Efficacy and safety of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3) for the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1996;134(2):238-246. View abstract.

Petchey, W. G., Johnson, D. W., and Isbel, N. M. Shining D' light on chronic kidney disease: mechanisms that may underpin the cardiovascular benefit of vitamin D. Nephrology.(Carlton.) 2011;16(4):351-367. View abstract.

Petitpain D, Budak A, DesMarteau J, Durkalski V, and Byrne TK. Preoperative vitamin D status in potential bariatric surgery patients. BARIATRIC NURS SURG PATIENT CARE 2010;5(3):255-260.

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Pfeifer, M., Begerow, B., Minne, H. W., Suppan, K., Fahrleitner-Pammer, A., and Dobnig, H. Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals. Osteoporos.Int 2009;20(2):315-322. View abstract.

Pieper, A. K., Haffner, D., Hoppe, B., Dittrich, K., Offner, G., Bonzel, K. E., John, U., Frund, S., Klaus, G., Stubinger, A., Duker, G., and Querfeld, U. A randomized crossover trial comparing sevelamer with calcium acetate in children with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(4):625-635. View abstract.

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Pilz, S., Dobnig, H., Fischer, J. E., Wellnitz, B., Seelhorst, U., Boehm, B. O., and Marz, W. Low vitamin d levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography. Stroke 2008;39(9):2611-2613. View abstract.

Pilz, S., Tomaschitz, A., Ritz, E., and Pieber, T. R. Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review. Nat.Rev Cardiol 2009;6(10):621-630. View abstract.

Pironi, L., Maghetti, A., Zolezzi, C., Ruggeri, E., Incasa, E., Gnudi, S., Pizzoferrato, A., Barbara, L., and Miglioli, M. Bone turnover in patients on home parenteral nutrition: a longitudinal observation by biochemical markers. Clin.Nutr 1996;15(4):157-163. View abstract.

Pisaniello, D., Parmeggiani, D., Piatto, A., Avenia, N., d'Ajello, M., Monacelli, M., Calzolari, F., Sanguinetti, A., Parmeggiani, U., and Sperlongano, P. Which therapy to prevent post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia? G.Chir 2005;26(10):357-361. View abstract.

Pitocco, D., Crino, A., Di, Stasio E., Manfrini, S., Guglielmi, C., Spera, S., Anguissola, G. B., Visalli, N., Suraci, C., Matteoli, M. C., Patera, I. P., Cavallo, M. G., Bizzarri, C., and Pozzilli, P. The effects of calcitriol and nicotinamide on residual pancreatic beta-cell function in patients with recent-onset Type 1 diabetes (IMDIAB XI). Diabet.Med 2006;23(8):920-923. View abstract.

Pitt, P., Li, F., Todd, P., Webber, D., Pack, S., and Moniz, C. A double blind placebo controlled study to determine the effects of intermittent cyclical etidronate on bone mineral density in patients on long-term oral corticosteroid treatment. Thorax 1998;53(5):351-356. View abstract.

Pittas, A. G., Chung, M., Trikalinos, T., Mitri, J., Brendel, M., Patel, K., Lichtenstein, A. H., Lau, J., and Balk, E. M. Systematic review: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann.Intern Med 3-2-2010;152(5):307-314. View abstract.

Pittas, A. G., Dawson-Hughes, B., Li, T., Van Dam, R. M., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., and Hu, F. B. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2006;29(3):650-656. View abstract.

Pittas, A. G., Harris, S. S., Stark, P. C., and Dawson-Hughes, B. The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in nondiabetic adults. Diabetes Care 2007;30(4):980-986. View abstract.

Pittas, A. G., Sun, Q., Manson, J. E., Dawson-Hughes, B., and Hu, F. B. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2010;33(9):2021-2023. View abstract.

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Poole, K. E., Loveridge, N., Barker, P. J., Halsall, D. J., Rose, C., Reeve, J., and Warburton, E. A. Reduced vitamin D in acute stroke. Stroke 2006;37(1):243-245. View abstract.

Popescu M, Morris J, and Hillman L. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation in CF children. Pediatric Pulmonology 1998;26(Suppl17):359.

PrayGod, G., Range, N., Faurholt-Jepsen, D., Jeremiah, K., Faurholt-Jepsen, M., Aabye, M. G., Jensen, L., Jensen, A. V., Grewal, H. M., Magnussen, P., Changalucha, J., Andersen, A. B., and Friis, H. Daily multi-micronutrient supplementation during tuberculosis treatment increases weight and grip strength among HIV-uninfected but not HIV-infected patients in Mwanza, Tanzania. J Nutr 4-1-2011;141(4):685-691. View abstract.

Prince, R. L., Devine, A., Dhaliwal, S. S., and Dick, I. M. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Arch Intern.Med. 4-24-2006;166(8):869-875. View abstract.

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Przedlacki, J., Manelius, J., and Huttunen, K. Bone mineral density evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry after one-year treatment with calcitriol started in the predialysis phase of chronic renal failure. Nephron 1995;69(4):433-437. View abstract.

Psimenou E, Konstantinidou E, Giapraka N, Marinaki S, Kostakis A, and Stathakis CP. Randomized controlled study of calcitonin and etidronate in the treatment of osteoporosis in renal transplant patients. XIXth International Congress of the Transplantation Society 2002;

Pun, K. K., Wong, F. H., Wang, C., Lau, P., Ho, P. W., Pun, W. K., Chow, S. P., Cheng, C. L., Leong, J. C., and Young, R. T. Vitamin D status among patients with fractured neck of femur in Hong Kong. Bone 1990;11(5):365-368. View abstract.

Ragi-Eis, S., Zerbini, C. A., Provenza, J. R., Griz, L. H., de Gregorio, L. H., Russo, L. A., Silva, N. A., Borges, J. L., de Souza, A. C., Castro, M. L., and Lewiecki, E. M. Is it ethical to use placebos in osteoporosis trials? J Clin Densitom. 2006;9(3):274-280. View abstract.

Rajpathak, S. N., Xue, X., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Van, Horn L., Robinson, J. G., Liu, S., Allison, M., Martin, L. W., Ho, G. Y., and Rohan, T. E. Effect of 5 y of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on change in circulating lipids: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(4):894-899. View abstract.

Ramsay, C. A., Schwartz, B. E., Lowson, D., Papp, K., Bolduc, A., and Gilbert, M. Calcipotriol cream combined with twice weekly broad-band UVB phototherapy: a safe, effective and UVB-sparing antipsoriatric combination treatment. The Canadian Calcipotriol and UVB Study Group. Dermatology 2000;200(1):17-24. View abstract.

Ranganathan, L. N. and Ramaratnam, S. Vitamins for epilepsy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2005;(2):CD004304. View abstract.

Range, N., Andersen, A. B., Magnussen, P., Mugomela, A., and Friis, H. The effect of micronutrient supplementation on treatment outcome in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial in Mwanza, Tanzania. Trop.Med Int Health 2005;10(9):826-832. View abstract.

Rashidi, B., Haghollahi, F., Shariat, M., and Zayerii, F. The effects of calcium-vitamin D and metformin on polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Taiwan.J Obstet.Gynecol. 2009;48(2):142-147. View abstract.

Ravn, P., Clemmesen, B., Riis, B. J., and Christiansen, C. The effect on bone mass and bone markers of different doses of ibandronate: a new bisphosphonate for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-finding study. Bone 1996;19(5):527-533. View abstract.

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Recker, R. R., Kendler, D., Recknor, C. P., Rooney, T. W., Lewiecki, E. M., Utian, W. H., Cauley, J. A., Lorraine, J., Qu, Y., Kulkarni, P. M., Gaich, C. L., Wong, M., Plouffe, L., Jr., and Stock, J. L. Comparative effects of raloxifene and alendronate on fracture outcomes in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Bone 2007;40(4):843-851. View abstract.

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Reid, I. R., Brown, J. P., Burckhardt, P., Horowitz, Z., Richardson, P., Trechsel, U., Widmer, A., Devogelaer, J. P., Kaufman, J. M., Jaeger, P., Body, J. J., Brandi, M. L., Broell, J., Di, Micco R., Genazzani, A. R., Felsenberg, D., Happ, J., Hooper, M. J., Ittner, J., Leb, G., Mallmin, H., Murray, T., Ortolani, S., Rubinacci, A., Saaf, M., Samsioe, G., Verbruggen, L., and Meunier, P. J. Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N.Engl.J Med 2-28-2002;346(9):653-661. View abstract.

Reid, I. R., Mason, B., Horne, A., Ames, R., Reid, H. E., Bava, U., Bolland, M. J., and Gamble, G. D. Randomized controlled trial of calcium in healthy older women. Am J Med. 2006;119(9):777-785. View abstract.

Reid, I. R., Wattie, D. J., Evans, M. C., Gamble, G. D., Stapleton, J. P., and Cornish, J. Continuous therapy with pamidronate, a potent bisphosphonate, in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 1994;79(6):1595-1599. View abstract.

Reis, J. P., von, Muhlen D., Miller, E. R., III, Michos, E. D., and Appel, L. J. Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors in the United States adolescent population. Pediatrics 2009;124(3):e371-e379. View abstract.

Rejnmark, L., Avenell, A., Masud, T., Anderson, F., Meyer, H. E., Sanders, K. M., Salovaara, K., Cooper, C., Smith, H. E., Jacobs, E. T., Torgerson, D., Jackson, R. D., Manson, J. E., Brixen, K., Mosekilde, L., Robbins, J. A., Francis, R. M., and Abrahamsen, B. Vitamin D with calcium reduces mortality: patient level pooled analysis of 70,528 patients from eight major vitamin D trials. J Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2012;97(8):2670-2681. View abstract.

Rendina, D., De, Filippo G., and Strazzullo, P. Should vitamin D status be assessed in patients with congestive heart failure? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2010;20(9):627-632. View abstract.

Reyes, Garcia R., Jodar, Gimeno E., Garcia, Martin A., Romero, Munoz M., Gomez Saez, J. M., Luque, Fernandez, I, Varsavsky, M., Guadalix, Iglesias S., Cano, Rodriguez, I, Ballesteros Pomar, M. D., Vidal, Casariego A., Rozas, Moreno P., Cortes, Berdonces M., Fernandez, Garcia D., Calleja, Canelas A., Palma, Moya M., Martinez Diaz-Guerra, G., Jimenez Moleon, J. J., and Munoz, Torres M. [Clinical practice guidelines for evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine and nutritional conditions. Bone Metabolism Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology]. Endocrinol.Nutr 2012;59(3):174-196. View abstract.

Rhee, H. V., Coebergh, J. W., and Vries, E. D. Sunlight, vitamin D and the prevention of cancer: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Eur J Cancer Prev. 8-26-2009; View abstract.

Richy, F., Dukas, L., and Schacht, E. Differential effects of D-hormone analogs and native vitamin D on the risk of falls: a comparative meta-analysis. Calcif.Tissue Int 2008;82(2):102-107. View abstract.

Richy, F., Ethgen, O., Bruyere, O., and Reginster, J. Y. Efficacy of alphacalcidol and calcitriol in primary and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of their effects on bone mineral density and fracture rate. Osteoporos Int 2004;15(4):301-310. View abstract.

Richy, F., Schacht, E., Bruyere, O., Ethgen, O., Gourlay, M., and Reginster, J. Y. Vitamin D analogs versus native vitamin D in preventing bone loss and osteoporosis-related fractures: a comparative meta-analysis. Calcif.Tissue Int 2005;76(3):176-186. View abstract.

Riis, B. J., Thomsen, K., and Christiansen, C. Does 24R,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 prevent postmenopausal bone loss? Calcif Tissue Int 1986;39(3):128-132. View abstract.

Rim, J. H., Choe, Y. B., and Youn, J. I. Positive effect of using calcipotriol ointment with narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in psoriatic patients. Photodermatol.Photoimmunol.Photomed. 2002;18(3):131-134. View abstract.

Rim, J. H., Park, J. Y., Choe, Y. B., and Youn, J. I. The efficacy of calcipotriol + acitretin combination therapy for psoriasis: comparison with acitretin monotherapy. Am J Clin.Dermatol. 2003;4(7):507-510. View abstract.

Ring, J., Kowalzick, L., Christophers, E., Schill, W. B., Schopf, E., Stander, M., Wolff, H. H., and Altmeyer, P. Calcitriol 3 microg g-1 ointment in combination with ultraviolet B phototherapy for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: results of a comparative study. Br.J Dermatol. 2001;144(3):495-499. View abstract.

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Ringe, J. D. Questions on the superiority of alfacalcidol over plain vitamin D in the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Rheumatol.Int 2004;24(6):370. View abstract.

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Ringe, J. D., Dorst, A., Faber, H., Ibach, K., and Preuss, J. Three-monthly ibandronate bolus injection offers favourable tolerability and sustained efficacy advantage over two years in established corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2003;42(6):743-749. View abstract.

Ringe, J. D., Farahmand, P., Faber, H., and Dorst, A. Sustained efficacy of risedronate in men with primary and secondary osteoporosis: results of a 2-year study. Rheumatol.Int 2009;29(3):311-315. View abstract.

Ritz, E., Kuster, S., Schmidt-Gayk, H., Stein, G., Scholz, C., Kraatz, G., and Heidland, A. Low-dose calcitriol prevents the rise in 1,84-iPTH without affecting serum calcium and phosphate in patients with moderate renal failure (prospective placebo-controlled multicentre trial). Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 1995;10(12):2228-2234. View abstract.

Rix, M., Eskildsen, P., and Olgaard, K. Effect of 18 months of treatment with alfacalcidol on bone in patients with mild to moderate chronic renal failure. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2004;19(4):870-876. View abstract.

Rodriguez-Martin, M., Garcia, Bustinduy M., Saez, Rodriguez M., and Noda, Cabrera A. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of topical tacalcitol and sunlight exposure in the treatment of adult nonsegmental vitiligo. Br.J Dermatol. 2009;160(2):409-414. View abstract.

Rodriguez-Rodriguez, E., Navia-Lomban, B., Lopez-Sobaler, A. M., and Ortega, R. M. Associations between abdominal fat and body mass index on vitamin D status in a group of Spanish schoolchildren. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010;64(5):461-467. View abstract.

Roh, J. L. and Park, C. I. Routine oral calcium and vitamin D supplements for prevention of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. Am J Surg 2006;192(5):675-678. View abstract.

Rosen, C. J., Morrison, A., Zhou, H., Storm, D., Hunter, S. J., Musgrave, K., Chen, T., Wei, W., and Holick, M. F. Elderly women in northern New England exhibit seasonal changes in bone mineral density and calciotropic hormones. Bone Miner. 1994;25(2):83-92. View abstract.

Ross, E. A., Tian, J., Abboud, H., Hippensteel, R., Melnick, J. Z., Pradhan, R. S., Williams, L. A., Hamm, L. L., and Sprague, S. M. Oral paricalcitol for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol. 2008;28(1):97-106. View abstract.

Roudebush, P., Polzin, D. J., Adams, L. G., Towell, T. L., and Forrester, S. D. An evidence-based review of therapies for canine chronic kidney disease. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(5):244-252. View abstract.

Rovner, A. J., Stallings, V. A., Schall, J. I., Leonard, M. B., and Zemel, B. S. Vitamin D insufficiency in children, adolescents, and young adults with cystic fibrosis despite routine oral supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(6):1694-1699. View abstract.

Rudge, S., Hailwood, S., Horne, A., Lucas, J., Wu, F., and Cundy, T. Effects of once-weekly oral alendronate on bone in children on glucocorticoid treatment. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2005;44(6):813-818. View abstract.

Ruiz-Irastorza, G., Gordo, S., Olivares, N., Egurbide, M. V., and Aguirre, C. Changes in vitamin D levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Effects on fatigue, disease activity, and damage. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken.) 2010;62(8):1160-1165. View abstract.

Ruiz-Irastorza, G., Ramos-Casals, M., Brito-Zeron, P., and Khamashta, M. A. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann.Rheum.Dis. 2010;69(1):20-28. View abstract.

Ruzicka, T. and Lorenz, B. Comparison of calcipotriol monotherapy and a combination of calcipotriol and betamethasone valerate after 2 weeks' treatment with calcipotriol in the topical therapy of psoriasis vulgaris: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized study. Br J Dermatol 1998;138(2):254-258. View abstract.

Ryan, C. W., Huo, D., Demers, L. M., Beer, T. M., and Lacerna, L. V. Zoledronic acid initiated during the first year of androgen deprivation therapy increases bone mineral density in patients with prostate cancer. J Urol. 2006;176(3):972-978. View abstract.

Ryan, L. M., Brandoli, C., Freishtat, R. J., Wright, J. L., Tosi, L., and Chamberlain, J. M. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in African American children with forearm fractures: a preliminary study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(2):106-109. View abstract.

Ryan, P. and Dixon, T. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in patients attending a metabolic bone clinic in Medway. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(1):211-216. View abstract.

Saab, G., Young, D. O., Gincherman, Y., Giles, K., Norwood, K., and Coyne, D. W. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the safety and effectiveness of monthly ergocalciferol in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin.Pract. 2007;105(3):c132-c138. View abstract.

Saadati N, Rajabian R. The effect of bisphosphonate on prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2008;10:8-11.

Saag, K. G., Emkey, R., Schnitzer, T. J., Brown, J. P., Hawkins, F., Goemaere, S., Thamsborg, G., Liberman, U. A., Delmas, P. D., Malice, M. P., Czachur, M., and Daifotis, A. G. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N.Engl.J Med. 7-30-1998;339(5):292-299. View abstract.

Sabherwal, S., Bravis, V., and Devendra, D. Effect of oral vitamin D and calcium replacement on glycaemic control in South Asian patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(8):1084-1089. View abstract.

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