Abstract

Background: Neuttrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) was shown to be a good marker for predicting acute kidney injury (AKI). Some recent reports demonstrated that NGAL may be an early biomarker for kidney affection in diabetic patients. The aim of this work is to investigate urinary NGAL (UNGAL) in type 2 diabetic patients with and without albuminuria. Methods: This study included 46 type 2 diabetic patients and 15 healthy age and sex matched individuals as the control group. Diabetic patients were divided into three groups according to urinary albumin excretion (UAE), normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. UNGAL was measured in all populations and corrected to urinary creatinine to account for day to day variation in urine volume and transformed log. Comparison between 4 groups (control, normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria) was done. Results: Log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio showed significant difference when comparing control group (0.70 ± 0.58) versus normoalbuminuria (1.71 ± 1.06), microalbuminuria (1.57 ± 0.72) and macroalbuminuria (1.92 ± 0.63), however, there was no significant difference among diabetic groups. Pearson’s correlation showed that log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio positively correlated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and inversely with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Regression analysis showed that HbA1c, urinary creatinine and eGFR were the independent predictors of log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio. Conclusion: Tubular markers like UNGAL may be early elevated in type 2 diabetic patients even before the incidence of glomerular injury detected by microalbuminuria and it can be used as an early marker for detection of kidney involvement in diabetic patients.

Keywords

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL); Diabetic Nephropathy; Albuminuria; Tubular Markers

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1. Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide virtually assures that the proportion of CKD attributable to diabetes will continue to rise [1] . Diabetic kidney disease is associated with enhanced morbidity and mortality, particularly with accelerated cardiovascular disease [2] . The earliest clinical evidence of nephropathy is elevated urine albumin level > 30 mg/ 24hours [3] . Microalbuminuria is generally considered as the earliest non-invasive marker for the development of diabetic nephropathy [4] , however, microalbuminuria is diagnosed once significant glomerular damage has occurred [5] . Although glomerular dysfunction is thought to be a major factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, tubulointerstitial damage might also play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy [6] . It has been suggested that an early increase in urinary albumin excretion is relevant to proximal tubular damage or dysfunction in addition to glomerular permeability [7] . Several different markers of tubular damage have been widely investigated in the areas related to acute kidney injury (AKI) and have presented promising data as early predictive biomarkers of AKI [8] [9] . Recently, some investigators have demonstrated that these tubular markers have clinical importance as biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy [10] [11] . NGAL is an ubiquitous protein of 178 amino acids with a molecular mass of approximately 25 kDa. It belongs to the family of lipocalins, which is a family of proteins that have been associated with many biological processes, such as inflammation, the transport of pheromones and the synthesis of prostaglandins [12] [13] . NGAL was initially identified by Allen and Venge in 1989 from human neutrophils, and it is now known that it is expressed at low levels in several human tissues, including kidney, trachea, lungs, stomach and colon [14] , However, its precise role has been clarified by Paragas et al. who found that the timing and the intensity of NGAL mRNA and protein were correlated and dependent on the degree of kidney damage in an experimental model of mouse with induced AKI and they found that its production was located in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct while the proximal tubule was involved in the process of NGAL reabsorption [15] . NGAL is produced and secreted into the urine in response to ischemic kidney damage and is therefore a promising early indicator of tubulointerstitial damage [16] . Several recent reports showed that NGAL is an important biomarker and is elevated in DKD [10] [11] [17] . The aim of this work is to evaluate the UNGAL in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without albuminuria.

2. Patient and Methods

This study included 46 type 2 diabetic patients on either oral anti diabetic or insulin therapy. In addition, 15 apparently healthy, non-diabetic, without CKD, age and gender matched subjects were included in this study as a control group. All the patients were recruited from outpatient clinic, Internal Medicine Department, Menofia University hospital. The protocol for this study followed the ethical standards and approved by the ethical committee of our institution and all subjects gave informed consent to participate in this study. All patients fulfilled the following inclusion criteria, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) more than one year, older than 18 years old with stable kidney function defined as stable serum creatinine with less than 10% change in last three months. The following patients were excluded, Type 1 DM, unstable kidney function or kidney disease other than diabetic nephropathy, pregnancy, malignancy, infections or any inflammatory conditions. Patients were divided according urinary albumin excretion (UAE) which was measured by spot morning urine sample for albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) into 3 groups diabetic with normoalbuminuria (UACR less than 30 mg/gm), diabetic with microalbuminuria (UACR between 30 - 299 mg/gm) and diabetic with macroalbuminuria (UACR equal or more than 300 mg/gm). All subjects underwent full history taking and clinical examination, including weight, height and measuring blood pressure. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated as {(2 × diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) + systolic blood pressure (mmHg)}/3. BMI Was calculated as weight (Kg)/{Height (m)}² and GFR was estimated using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Abbreviated Equation (MDRD): [GFR = 186 × (serum Cr)^−1.154 × (age)^−0.203× (0.742 if female) × (1.210 if African American)] [18].

3. Laboratory Assessment

Venous blood samples were collected following an overnight fasting for measurements of fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), creatinine and serum urea. A whole blood was obtained by using EDTA containing tube for measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Fasting plasma glucose was determined by enzymatic colorimetric test, using Spinreact kit, SPAIN [19] . Serum and urine creatinine concentration was assessed by a kinetic Jaffe´ method [20] and serum urea by enzymetic colorimetry methods [21] . Glycosylated hemoglobin was assayed by quantitative colorimetric measurement of glycohemoglobin as percent of total hemoglobin using kits supplied by Teco Diagnostics, Lakeview Ave, Anaheim, CA, USA [22] . The Urinary albumin concentration was measured by a commercially available solid phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit provided by DRG International Inc., USA; cat no EIA-2361], according to manufacturer s instructions from early morning spot urine collections [23] and adjusted for urinary creatinine which has been found to be an accurate measure of urinary albumin excretion per 24 hours [24] . Urinary NGAL was measured in one morning spot urine sample collected in labeled sterile container and thereafter was immediately centrifuged at 4˚C for 10 min at 4000 rpm to obtain supernatant. Supernatant of urine were stored at −20˚C till analysis. UrineNGAL was measured using an ELISA method according to manufacturer s instructions and provided by [Ray Biotech, Inc. Norcross, GA; Cat#: ELH-Lipocalin2-001] and adjusted for urine creatinine to account for day-today variation in urine volume, as 24-h urine samples were not available [25] . It was expressed as Pg/mg.

4. Statistical Evaluations

We used the statistical package of social signs (SPSS, version 16) to perform the analysis. Categorical data were presented as number and percentages and continuous variables as means ± standard deviation (SD). One way ANOVA test or Kruskalwalis test was used as appropriate for comparison of quantitative variables more than two independent groups. Chi-Square test was used for categorical variables and Fischer exact test was used if one cell less than 5. T-test or Mann-Whitney test was used as appropriate for comparison between two quantitative variables. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was done to determine the distribution of data. Log transformation of UNGAL/Creatinine ratio was done improve interpretability and data scatter. The correlations between the variables were analyzed using Pearson′s correlation. Regression analysis was performed to detect the possible predictor of log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio as a marker of tubular injury. Receiving operation characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to detect cut off value of log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio at which tubular injury can occur comparing normal group with whole diabetic patients. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

5. Results

This study included 46 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with 15 healthy persons as a control group. The diabetic patients were divided into 3 groups according (UACR). So the whole cohort was divided into 4 groups. Group 1: Control group consists of 15 health persons 11(73.3%) male and 4( 26.7%) female; Group 2: Diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (UACR < 30 mg/gm) consists of 16 patients, 12 (75%) males and 4 (25%) females; Group 3: Diabetic patients with microalbuminuria (UACR between 30 - 299 mg/gm) consists of 14 patients, 8 (57.1%) males and 6 (42.9%) females; Group 4: Diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria (UACR > 300 mg/gm) consists of 16 patients, 7 (43.8%) males and 9 (56.2%) females. All groups were matched regarding age, sex and BMI. Base line characteristics and comparison between studied groups are shown in table 1. All groups were compared together using ANOVA or Kruskalwalis test as appropriate then each two groups were compared together using student t test or Mann-Whitney test as appropriate. There was significant difference among the studied groups regarding log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio with P value 0.0001. Analysis between each two groups showed that there was a significant difference between group 1 (Control group) and each group separately while the diabetic groups did not show significant difference among themselves (figure 1). Correlation between log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio with HbA1c, eGFR, Duration of diabetes in years and UACR showed significant positive correlation with HbA1c with r value + 0.4 and P value 0.01 and significant negative correlation with eGFR with r value - 0.4 and P value 0.02 while it did not show significant correlation with UACR and duration of diabetes mellitus (Figure 2) Regression analysis demonstrated that HbA1c, urinary creatinine and

^$: All groups together, ^*: Control VS Normoalbuminuria, ^**: Control VS Microalbuminuria, ^***: Control VS Macroalbuminuria, ^#: Normoalbuminuria VS Microalbuminuria, ^##: Normoalbuminuria VS Macroalbuminuria, ⁺: Microalbuminuria VS Macroalbuminuria. ACR: Albumin creatinine ratio, M/F: Male/Female, BMI: Body mass index, MAP: Mean arterial pressure, HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, Log U NGAL/Creatinine: Logarithm Urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin/Creatinine.

eGFR were the independent predictors of Log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio (Table 2). ROC curve was constructed to detect cut off value of Log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio considering control group as status variable. It showed a best cut off value at 1.035 Pg/mg with good area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87 and sensitivity of 80.4% and specificity of 80% (Figure 3 and table 3).

6. Discussion

Diabetic nephropathy is currently the leading cause of CKD. It is also one of the most significant long-term complications in terms of morbidity and mortality for individual patients with diabetes [26] . Serum and urinary NGAL are arguably the most promising emerging bio­markers for early detection of AKI [27] . Several recent studies also have defined the role of NGAL in CKD and showed serum and UNGAL levels are markers of kidney disease and severity in CKD [10] [11] [28] [29] . The aim of this work is to evaluate the UNGAL in type 2

Log UNGAL/Creatinine: Logarithm urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocaline/Creatinine ratio, DM: Diabetes mellitus, HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin, UACR: Urinary albumin creatinine ratio, eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate, ^*Significant difference.

AUC: Area under the curve, SE: Standard error.

di-abetic patients with albuminuria (microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria) and those without (Normoalbuminuria). Also a control group without diabetes and CKD was compared with all diabetic groups. In our study we found that there was a significant difference among the studied 4 groups (Control, Normoalbuminuria, Microalbuminuria and Macroalbuminuria) regarding log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio while comparison of each 2 groups separately showed that there was significant difference between the control group with each group separately while the diabetic groups did not show significant difference among themselves. It means that UNGAL increased in diabetic patients without albuminuria when compared with control group suggesting that UNGAL as a marker of tubular injury precede the appearance of microalbuminuria as a marker of glomerular injury. In accordance with our results, Bolignano D. et al. who evaluated serum and UNGAL in diabetic patients with albuminuria and found that serum and UNGAL was significantly elevated in diabetic patients in respect to control group, Also like our results he found elevated levels in diabetic patients without early signs of glomerular damage (Normoalbuminuria) [10] . Nauta FL et al. demonstrated that NGAL is 1.5 fold significantly elevated in diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria compared to non-diabetic control group [11] . In an experimental animal study, Miller ML et al. found that urinary biomarkers including UNGAL were elevated in an established rat model of diabetic nephropathy and concluded that these biomarkers appeared even before the classical biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy such as albuminuria [30] . Another study by Lacquaniti A. et al. concluded that NGAL increases in patients with type 1 diabetes, even before diagnosis of microalbuminuria representing an early biomarker of normoalbuminuric diabetic nephropathy with a good sensitivity and specificity. NGAL measurement could be useful for the evaluation of early renal involvement in the course of diabetes [31] . Also in children some reports showed that serum and UNGAL were elevated in diabetic children without albuminuria and concluded that Normal-range albuminuria does not exclude diabetic nephropathy defined as increased serum and UNGAL concentration and NGAL measurement can be more sensitive than microalbumin and may become a useful tool for evaluating renal involvement in diabetic children [32] . Some other studies showed inconsistency with our results. Kim S.S. et al. found that UNGAL was elevated in diabetic patients with macroalbuminuria compared to control, normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria groups, however he did not find any significant difference between control group and normoalbuminuria group [33] . Although Nielsen S.E. et al. found that UNGAL is elevated in diabetic patients with and without albuminuria similar to our results, however in contrast to our results he found that UNGAL increases significantly with increasing albuminuria [34] . Also WU J. et al. was observed that baseline level of urinary NGAL was significantly elevated and correlated with the severity of albuminuria in patients with diabetes and during the follow up, the urinary level of NGAL was observed to be significantly correlated with a rapid decline in the eGFR [35] . In our study log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio showed significant positive correlation with HbA1c and significant negative correlation with eGFR, while it did not show any correlation with UACR and duration of diabetes. Some studies found significant inverse correlation between UNGAL and eGFR like our finding however in contrast to our results they found also significant correlation with albuminuria [10] [36] . Similar to our results Woo et al. found inverse correlation between UNGAL with eGFR while he did not find any correlation with albuminuria [37] . In contrast to our results, Zachwieja J. et al. found correlation between UNGAL and UAE while he did not find any correlation with eGFR and HbA1c [32] . In our study, linear regression analysis demonstrated that independent predictors of log UNGAL/Cr ratio were HbA1c, urine creatinine and eGFR. It means that UNGAL as a marker of tubular damage is highly associated with uncontrolled diabetes and decline of kidney function detected by decreased urinary creatinine and eGFR. We could not find any association between tubular damage detected by log UNGAL/Creatine ratio and glomerular damage detected by microalbuminnria as albuminuria could not predict log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio and also log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio could not predict development of microalbuminuria (Data not shown). So according our data both tubular and glomerular damage occur simultaneously in diabetic patients and we could not decide if the underlying mechanisms are the same or different. We could not find any study determined the independent predictors of urinary NGAL. Most of the studies addressed the value of UNGAL as a predictor of acute kidney injury [38] -[40] . We constructed a ROC curve to detect the cut off value of log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio to determine the normal value of log UNGAL/Creatinine ratio and it was found 1.035 Pg/ml with good AUC, sensitivity and specificity. There are some limitations of our work. First the small number of patients, second it is an observational study and we did not address the pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms for tubular injury and if there is an interplay between tubular and glomerular damage, third we did not follow up the patients to see the effect of tight control of diabetes on regression of UNGAL to confirm the role of uncontrolled diabetes on pathogenesis of tubular injury.

7. Conclusion

Tubular damage and tubular markers are highly associated with diabetic kidney disease patients. Tubular damage may precede glomerular injury. Tubular markers like UNGAL may be an early marker for detection of kidney involvement in diabetes, and it can be early elevated even before early signs of glomerular injury detected by microalbuminuria. More studies are needed to confirm our results and to detect the underlying mechanisms of tubular injury in diabetic patients.

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References