What Is LegionnaireDisease?
Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of pneumonia. About 5,000 people in the U.S. get it each year. It’s caused by the bacteria Legionella pneumophila.
Scientists first identified it in 1977, 6 months after a mysterious outbreak sickened 180 people and killed 29 attending an American Legion convention at a Philadelphia hotel.
Symptoms
If you’re exposed to legionella, it usually takes 2 to 10 days for the disease to take hold.
It often feels like the flu at first. You may have:
- Headaches
- Muscle pain
- Chills
- A fever of 104 F or higher
- Fatigue
By the second or third day of your illness, you may have:
Pontiac fever
Legionella also causes a disease called Pontiac fever. A few things set it apart from Legionnaires’:
- Pontiac fever is a mild flu-like illness that’s much less severe than Legionnaires’. It doesn’t cause lower respiratory symptoms like coughing.
- Symptoms of Pontiac fever usually begin 24 to 72 hours after you come into contact with the bacteria. Legionnaires’ symptoms can take up to 2 weeks.
- Pontiac fever will go away on its own without treatment, often within 3 to 5 days. But Legionnaires’ disease can become life-threatening.
Causes
Legionella is usually found in freshwater settings, including lakes, rivers, and streams. It can also survive in soil. But most people don’t get Legionnaires’ there.
Legionella thrives in warm water. It often spreads through a building’s contaminated water system.
It’s actually an airborne disease. The bacterium is so tiny that it can hitch a ride inside tiny water droplets such as mist and water vapor. You can then breathe in those droplets, such as in the steam from a sauna or hot tub, and from there, the bacteria make their way into your lungs.
Rarely, you can get legionella by drinking contaminated water that goes down the “wrong pipe”: your trachea (which goes to your lungs) instead of your esophagus (which goes from your mouth to your stomach).
How does Legionnaires’ disease spread?
Legionella bacteria can grow and spread in water systems including:
- Showerheads
- Sink faucets
- Cooling towers
- Hot tubs
- Decorative fountains or water features
- Hot water tanks or heaters
- Large plumbing systems
Is it contagious?
No. Legionnaires’ doesn’t spread from person to person.
Risk Factors
Even if you come into contact with legionella, you might not get sick. People who are more likely to get sick include those who are:
- 50 or older
- Former or current smokers
- People with long-term lung conditions
- Those who have weak immune systems
Diagnosis
Your doctor may order one or more of these exams:
Complications of Legionnaires’ Disease
Without treatment, Legionnaires’ can cause problems including:
- Dehydration
- Failure of your kidneys or other organs
- Respiratory failure
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Coma
Treatment
Your exact treatment will depend on your case. In general, doctors can treat Legionnaires quickly with medications. You may get one of three types of antibiotics:
- Fluoroquinolones. Levofloxacin (Levaquin) is the top choice. Others include ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and moxifloxacin (Avelox).
- Macrolides including azithromycin (Zithromax), clarithromycin (Biaxin), and erythromycin (Erythrocin)
- Tetracyclines including doxycycline (Vibramycin)
