PROPOLIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Propolis is a resin-like material made by bees from the buds of poplar and cone-bearing trees. Bees use it to build hives, and it may contain beehive byproducts.

Propolis seems to help fight against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It might also have anti-inflammatory effects and help skin heal. Propolis is rarely available in its pure form. It's usually obtained from beehives.

People commonly use propolis for diabetes, cold sores, and swelling and sores inside the mouth. It's also used for burns, canker sores, genital herpes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. There is also no good evidence to support using propolis for COVID-19.

Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for

Diabetes. Taking propolis by mouth seems to improve blood sugar control by a small amount in people with diabetes. But it doesn't seem to affect insulin levels or improve insulin resistance.
Cold sores (herpes labialis). Applying an ointment or cream containing 0.5% to 3% propolis five times daily might help cold sores to heal faster and reduce pain.
Swelling (inflammation) and sores inside the mouth (oral mucositis). Taking propolis by mouth or rinsing the mouth with a propolis mouth rinse helps heal sores caused by cancer drugs.

There is interest in using propolis for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Propolis is possibly safe when used appropriately. It can cause allergic reactions, especially in people who are allergic to other bee products. Lozenges containing propolis can cause irritation and mouth ulcers.

When applied to the skin: Propolis is possibly safe when used appropriately. It can cause allergic reactions, especially in people who are allergic to other bee products.

Special Precautions and Warnings

Pregnancy: There isn't enough reliable information to know if propolis is safe to use when pregnant. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Breast-feeding: Propolis is possibly safe when taken by mouth while breastfeeding. Doses of 300 mg daily for up to 10 months have been used safely. Stay on the safe side and avoid higher doses when breast-feeding.

Bleeding conditions: A certain chemical in propolis might slow blood clotting. Taking propolis might increase the risk of bleeding in people with bleeding disorders.

Allergies: Some propolis products might be contaminated with bee byproducts. Use propolis with caution if you are allergic to bee byproducts.

Surgery: A certain chemical in propolis might slow blood clotting. Taking propolis might increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop taking propolis 2 weeks before surgery.

Interactions

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with PROPOLIS
Propolis might slow blood clotting. Taking propolis along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Propolis might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Propolis might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Propolis might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Propolis might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Propolis might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Propolis might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with PROPOLIS
Warfarin is used to slow blood clotting. Propolis might decrease the effects of warfarin. This might increase the risk of clotting.

Dosing

Propolis has most often been used by adults in doses of 400-500 mg by mouth daily for up to 13 months. It's also used in many types of products, including creams, ointments, gels, and mouth rinses. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what type of product and dose might be best for a specific condition.

View References

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Magro-Filho O, de Carvalho AC. Application of propolis to dental sockets and skin wounds. J Nihon Univ Sch Dent 1990;32:4-13. View abstract.

Magro-Filho O, de Carvalho AC. Topical effect of propolis in the repair of sulcoplasties by the modified Kazanjian technique. Cytological and clinical evaluation. J Nihon Univ Sch Dent 1994;36:102-11. View abstract.

Marucci L, Farneti A, Di Ridolfi P, et al. Double-blind randomized phase III study comparing a mixture of natural agents versus placebo in the prevention of acute mucositis during chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2017;39(9):1761-1769. View abstract.

Matos D, Serrano P, Brandao FM. A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by propolis-enriched honey. Contact Dermatitis 2015;72(1):59-60. View abstract.

Matsumoto Y, Takahashi K, Sugioka Y, et al. Double-blinded randomized controlled trial to reveal the effects of Brazilian propolis intake on rheumatoid arthritis disease activity index; BeeDAI. PLoS One 2021;16(5):e0252357. View abstract.

Mirzoeva OK, Calder PC. The effect of propolis and its components on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;55:441-9. View abstract.

Moghiseh L, Nobahar M, Ghorbani R, Sirafian S. The impact of Propolis on catheter exit site infection and peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a clinical trial. BMC Nephrol. 2022 Dec 23;23(1):408. View abstract.

Naramoto K, Kato M, Ichihara K. Effects of an ethanol extract of Brazilian green propolis on human cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2014;62(46):11296-302. View abstract.

Ngatu NR, Saruta T, Hirota R, et al. Brazilian green propolis extracts improve Tinea pedis interdigitalis and Tinea corporis. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(1):8-9. View abstract.

Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Tutunchi H, Khoshbaten M, Nazari Bonab H, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. Propolis supplementation in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, liver function, anthropometric indices and meta-inflammation. Food Funct. 2022;13(22):11568-78. View abstract.

Nyman G, Hagvall L. A case of allergic contact cheilitis caused by propolis and honey. Contact Dermatitis 2016;74(3):186-7. View abstract.

Nyman GSA, Tang M, Inerot A, Osmancevic A, Malmberg P, Hagvall L. Contact allergy to beeswax and propolis among patients with cheilitis or facial dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2019;81(2):110-6. View abstract.

Pahlavani N, Malekahmadi M, Sedaghat A, et al. Effects of melatonin and propolis supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in patients with primary pneumosepsis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Med Res 2022. View abstract.

Park JY, Ko KA, Lee JY, et al. Clinical and Immunological Efficacy of Mangosteen and Propolis Extracted Complex in Patients with Gingivitis: A Multi-Centered Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021;13(8):2604. View abstract.

Park YK, et al. Antimicrobial activity of propolis on oral microorganisms. Curr Microbiol 1998;36:24-8. View abstract.

Pina GM, Lia EN, Berretta AA, et al. Efficacy of Propolis on the Denture Stomatitis Treatment in Older Adults: A Multicentric Randomized Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:8971746. View abstract.

Piredda M, Facchinetti G, Biagioli V, et al. Propolis in the prevention of oral mucositis in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2017;26(6). View abstract.

Ryu CS, Oh SJ, Oh JM, et al. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by propolis in human liver microsomes. Toxicol Res 2016;32(3):207-13. View abstract.

Samadi N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Rahmanian M, Askarishahi M. Effects of bee propolis supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Integr Med. 2017;15(2):124-134. View abstract.

Samet N, Laurent C, Susarla SM, Samet-Rubinsteen N. The effect of bee pollen on recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A pilot study. Clin Oral Investig 2007;11:143-7. View abstract.

Santos FA, Bastos EM, Uzeda M, et al. Antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis and fractions against oral anaerobic bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;80:1-7. View abstract.

Santos VR, Gomes RT, de Mesquita RA, et al. Efficacy of Brazilian propolis gel for the management of denture stomatitis: a pilot study. Phytother Res. 2008;22(11):1544-7. View abstract.

Silveira MAD, De Jong D, Berretta AA, et al. Efficacy of Brazilian green propolis (EPP-AF®) as an adjunct treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;138:111526. View abstract.

Silveira MAD, Teles F, Berretta AA, et al. Effects of Brazilian green propolis on proteinuria and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Nephrol 2019;20(1):140. View abstract.

Soleimani D, Miryan M, Hadi V, et al. Effect of propolis supplementation on athletic performance, body composition, inflammation, and oxidative stress following intense exercise: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Food Sci Nutr 2021;9(7):3631-40. View abstract.

Soleimani D, Rezaie M, Rajabzadeh F, et al. Protective effects of propolis on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) evaluated by real-time two-dimensional shear wave elastography: a randomized clinical trial. Phytother Res 2021;35(3):1669-79. View abstract.

Soroy L, Bagus S, Yongkie IP, Djoko W. The effect of a unique propolis compound (Propoelix) on clinical outcomes in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Infect Drug Resist. 2014;7:323-9. View abstract.

Szmeja Z, Kulczynski B, Konopacki K. [Clinical usefulness of the preparation Herpestat in the treatment of Herpes labialis]. Otolaryngol Pol 1987;41:183-8. View abstract.

Szmeja Z, Kulczynski B, Sosnowski Z, Konopacki K. [Therapeutic value of flavonoids in Rhinovirus infections]. Otolaryngol Pol 1989;43:180-4. View abstract.

Tsuchiya Y, Hirata N, Asama T, Osakabe N, Hirata K, Akagi R. Can a short-term daily oral administration of propolis improve muscle fatigue and recovery? Int J Sports Med. 2022;43(10):859-64. View abstract.

Varzaghani V, Sharifi M, Hajiaghaee R, et al. Propolis add-on therapy alleviates depressive symptoms; a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 2022;36(3):1258-67. View abstract.

Vynograd N, Vynograd I, Sosnowski Z. A comparative multi-centre study of the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of genital herpes (HSV). Phytomedicine 2000;7:1-6. View abstract.

Zedan H, Hofny ER, Ismail SA. Propolis as an alternative treatment for cutaneous warts. Int J Dermatol 2009;48(11):1246-9. View abstract.

Zhang YX, Yang TT, Xia L, Zhang WF, Wang JF, Wu YP. Inhibitory Effect of Propolis on Platelet Aggregation In Vitro. J Healthc Eng. 2017;2017:3050895. View abstract.

Zhao L, Pu L, Wei J, et al. Brazilian green propolis improves antioxidant function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016;13(5). pii: E498. View abstract.

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PROPOLIS - Uses, Side Effects, and More

Overview

Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for

Side Effects

Special Precautions and Warnings

Interactions

Moderate Interaction

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with PROPOLIS

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with PROPOLIS

Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with PROPOLIS

Dosing

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