Correlation of Serum Cytokines in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ()
1. Introduction
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a typical psychological stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a kind of post-traumatic psychological imbalance, which is a delayed and/or lasting anxiety response to unusually threatening and catastrophic events [1]. Recent studies have shown that post-traumatic stress disorder is a disease state caused by the joint involvement of the neuroendocrine system, central nervous system and immune system. In addition to major natural disasters, general man-made disasters are also very common in China. According to China’s injury prevention report, injuries of various types occur about 200 million times in China every year, resulting in about 700,000 - 750,000 deaths, an average of 2000 people a day. Studies have shown that 50% - 70% of individuals are exposed to traumatic events. Normally, the incidence of PTSD in the general population is 0.2%. Due to its special geographical location and geological structure, Hainan province is an island province prone to different types of natural disasters such as typhoon, flood, earthquake, tsunami and fire. This study compared the levels of serum interleukin between PTSD patients and the control group in Hainan area, in order to preliminarily explore the correlation between serum cytokines and the incidence of PTSD, and provide a scientific basis for the clinical diagnosis of PTSD patients.
2. Objects and Methods
2.1. Subjects
All the cases were from Han nationality patients diagnosed with PTSD who sought help in the psychological outpatient department of Haikou Fourth People’s Hospital and Hainan Provincial People’s Hospital from January 2019 to December 2019.
Inclusion criteria: 1) Age was 35-65 years old; 2) It meets the diagnostic criteria of PTSD in DSM-4. Exclusion criteria; Associated with mental retardation, personality disorders, substance or alcohol dependence, pregnancy and major diseases. There were 29 males and 28 females in the study group with an average age of 43.20 ± 7.03 years. There were 31 males and 26 females in the control group, with an average age of 45.02 ± 7.07 years, and the inclusion criteria were as follows: there was no PTSD disease, the rest were matched with PTSD group. All subjects gave informed consent to the experiment and signed informed consent, which was approved by the hospital’s clinical experiment Ethics Committee.
2.2. Methods
2 ml of venous blood from the middle of elbow was taken from all subjects on an empty stomach in the morning. Samples were taken from PTSD patients within 1 week after diagnosis, and the content of cytokines was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which was produced by Shanghai Jianglai Biotechnology Co., LTD.
Statistical Analysis SPSS 13.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis. The measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (). T-test was used for comparison of mean between the two groups, logistic regression analysis was used for multivariate analysis, and the test level was 0.05.
3. The Results
1) Comparison of basic conditions between the study group and the control group
a) There was no statistically significant difference in gender composition between the study group (PTSD) and the control group (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 1.
b) There was no statistically significant difference in age between the study group (PTSD) and the control group (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 2.
2) Comparison of serum cytokines contents between the study group (PTSD) and the control group
The serum levels of IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 in the PTSD group from Hainan area were significantly higher than those in the control group, with statistical significance (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in serum IL-4 content between the two groups (t = 1.109, P = 0.259). See Table 3.
4. Discussion
Cytokines are divided into two categories: proinflammatory factors (e.g., IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF) and anti-inflammatory factors (e.g., IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). The role of proinflammatory factors is to stimulate immune cells and exert local and remote effects on damaged cells [2]. The results of this study showed that the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines il-2 and il-6 in PTSD patients were significantly different from those in the non-PTSD group, and higher than those in the control group. Some foreign research data [3] [4] showed that the plasma levels of cytokines il-2 and il-6 increased in PTSD patients. Moreover, plasma IL-2 and IL-6 levels were positively correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms and HPA axis activity, which could be used as a test indicator of PTSD. In addition, [5] [6] [7] showed that the expressions of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in PTSD patients, suggesting that PTSD is related to the activation of inflammatory response immune system and is a disorder of neuro-psychological neuro-psychological immune system. However, it was also reported that the
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Table 1. Comparison of gender composition between the PTSD group and the control group.
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Table 2. Comparison of age between the PTSD group and the control group.
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Table 3. Comparison of age between the PTSD group and the control group (PG/ml).
LEVEL of IL-2 in PTSD group was significantly lower than that in normal group. However, [8] showed no significant difference in IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10. The levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in PTSD patients were higher than those in control group. These results suggest that oxidative stress, inflammatory response and adrenergic system may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PTSD [9]. The results of this study are inconsistent with the conclusions of domestic and foreign scholars, mainly because different patients were recruited in this study, and there are differences in the different time course and severity of PTSD. The results also showed higher levels of IL-8 than the non-PTSD group. Studies have shown [6] that IL-8 can promote leukocyte infiltration in brain parenchyma, and then leukocyte protease activation and free radical formation can lead to lipid peroxidation and neuron damage, and anti-IL-8 antibody can significantly reduce the volume of cerebral infarction and the degree of cerebral edema, and relieve patients’ pain [10]. This is consistent with the results of imaging suggesting that PTSD patients may be accompanied by brain damage (atrophy of hippocampus and other brain areas, etc.) [5]. IL-4, as Th2 cell autoactivating factor, can promote B cell proliferation and differentiation as well as acetylcholine receptor antibody and is considered to be one of the main factors mediating humoral immune response [11]. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in serum IL-4 content.
5. Conclusion
Therefore, the levels of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-8 were higher than those of the control group, suggesting that cytokines and proinflammatory factors may play an important role in stimulating the immune system during the pathogenesis of PTSD, which also provides a new idea for further study on the pathogenesis of PTSD.