Abstract

Blastomyces dermatitidis, the causative agent of blastomycosis, a potentially lethal dimorphic fungal disease of humans and animals has been difficult to diagnose in the clinical laboratory. We are attempting to develop and improve immunodiagnostic assays by producing novel yeast lysate reagents for the detection of antibodies in blastomycosis. The objective of this study was to use lysate antigens prepared from four B. dermatitidis antigens isolated from dogs infected with blastomycosis from two different endemic areas (Wisconsin and Tennessee) testing for the detection of antibodies in serum specimens from immunized rabbits and infected dogs using the indirect ELISA. In the dog sera, absorbance values ranged from 0.774 to 1.350, while the rabbit sera values ranged from 0.533 to 1.191. Antigen T-58 appeared to lack any geographical specificity in antibody detection, which could prove useful in future immunodiagnostic detection of blastomycosis infections.

Keywords

Blastomyces dermatitidis; Blastomycosis; ELISA; Lysate Antigen; Antibody Detection

Share and Cite:

1. Introduction

Blastomycosis is a systemic and potentially fatal fungal disease of humans and animals caused by the thermally dimorphic organism Blastomyces dermatitidis. The infection results following inhalation of spores produced by the filamentous (mycelial) phase of the organism present in soil or associated with vegetation [1]. The spores convert into large yeast cells due to the increase in temperature in the lungs. The infection may exist as a primary acute or chronic manifestation in the pulmonary tissue, which resembles tuberculosis, or it may spread from the lungs to other sites including internal organs, bone, skin and possibly to the central nervous system in which meningitis may result [2-5]. The prognosis is poor if dissemination occurs before a diagnosis of the disease is established [6-8]. Blastomycosis and other systemic fungal diseases are now considered “emerging fungal threats” since they may infect individuals with normal immune systems, but, more importantly, they can produce extensive disease and possibly death in patients with diseases that compromise the immune system [9].

In recent years researchers and physicians have stimulated considerable interest with their attempts to develop improved methods to combat the dramatic increase in the systemic fungal diseases [5,6]. Ongoing research activities have been centered around developing novel ways of diagnosing, preventing, and treating these potentially devastating infections. Lately the thrust of our research has been associated with investigations on ways in which we may learn more about the immunobiology of blastomycosis and to develop improved methods for diagnosis.

With regard to diagnosis of the disease various methods have been employed, including culturing and histopathology, but in many instances these procedures are time-consuming or may fail to yield the desired results. The use of immunological assays in the clinical laboratory generally provide for a more rapid diagnosis, but most of the previous tests for the detection of antibodies have been of limited value due to problems with sensitivity and specificity [4,6,9].

As a result, more investigators in the field of medical mycology have been involved in attempts to develop reliable immunodiagnostic procedures for blastomycosis and other systemic fungal diseases [10-22]. Our laboratory has been involved in the development of antigenic reagents from various isolates of B. dermatitidis [22] and the evaluation of these novel yeast phase lysate antigens for the detection of antibodies or antigens in those infected with blastomycosis. Encouraging results have been evidenced with some of these reagents when assays were performed using various adaptations of the enzyme immunoassay [23-30]. These studies have contributed greatly to our knowledge concerning potential avenues of approach with regard to future investigations.

In preliminary studies with lysate antigens prepared from B. dermatitidis isolates from different United States geographical regions, evidence seemed to indicate that antigens prepared from northern and southern strains varied in their ability to detect antibodies depending on the source of the serum specimen. Therefore the objective of this present study was to perform a comparative evaluation using lysate antigens prepared from Wisconsin and Tennessee dog isolates for ELISA antibody detection in serum specimens from both northern and southern regions of the United States.

2. Materials & Methods

2.1. Lysate Antigens

Mycelial phase cultures of four different B. dermatitidis isolates (WI-R and WI-J Wisconsin dog isolates; T-66 and T-58 Tennessee dog isolates) were converted to yeast cells by culturing at 37˚C on brain heart infusion agar. Yeast phase lysate reagents were prepared by a method similar to one that was previously used for the production of antigen from Histoplasma capsulatum [31-33] and modified in our laboratory for B. dermatitidis lysate antigen production [22]. The yeast phase cells were grown for 7 days at 37˚C in a chemically defined medium in an incubator shaker, harvested by centrifugation (700 × g; 5 minutes), followed by washing with distilled water, resuspended in distilled water and then allowed to lyse for 7 days at 37˚C in water with shaking. The preparations were centrifuged, filter sterilized, merthiolate added (1:10,000) and stored at 4˚C for further use. Protein determinations were performed on the lysates using the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, IL) and dilutions of the antigenic reagents used in the assays were based on protein concentration.

2.2. Serum Specimens

A number of serum specimens from dogs with blastomycosis from both northern and southern regions of the US were provided by Dr. A.M. Legendre (University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN). In addition, sera from rabbits immunized with various yeast lysate antigens prepared from B. dermatitidis isolates from these same geographical regions were also assayed to determine and compare the efficacy of the lysates as immunodiagnostic reagents.

2.3. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

The ability of each yeast lysate reagent to detect antibodies in the above serum specimens was determined using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each lysate antigen was diluted (2000 ng/ml of protein) in a carbonate-bicarbonate coating buffer (pH 9.6) and then added to triplicate wells (100 µl) of a Costar 96-well microplate (Fisher-Thermo). The plates were then incubated overnight at 4˚C in a humid chamber followed by washing three times with phosphate buffered saline containing 0.15% Tween 20 (PBS-T). The serum specimens (1:2500 dilution; 100 µl) were added to the microplate wells and incubated for 30 minutes at 37˚C in a humid chamber. Following this incubation the wells were washed as above and 100 µl of goat anti-species (either dog or rabbit) IgG (H & L) peroxidase conjugate (Kirkegaard and Perry, Gaithersburg, MD) was added to each well and incubated for 30 minutes at 37˚C. The plates were again washed as above and 100 µl of peroxidase substrate (Pierce/Fisher-Thermo) will be added to each well and incubated for approximately 2 minutes at room temperature. The reaction will be stopped by the addition of sulfuric acid and the absorbance read at 450 nm using a BIO-RAD 2550 EIA reader.

3. Results

As shown in Figure 1, 28 dog serum samples were collected from dogs infected with B. dermatitidis from the south (Tennessee) and north (Wisconsin) regions. The Wisconsin (WI-R) antigen efficacy was tested using the standard ELISA assay against antibody from the south and north. Absorbance values were compared looking for a high antibody-antigen affinity. The average absorbance values were 0.774 and 0.914 from the south and north respectively.

Figure 2 represents 28 dog serum specimens collected from dogs infected with B. dermatitidis from Wisconsin and Tennessee. The Wisconsin (WI-J) antigen efficacy was tested using the standard ELISA assay. The average absorbance values were 0.978 and 1.112 from the south and north respectively.

Twenty-eight dog serum samples were collected from dogs infected with B. dermatitidis from Wisconsin and Tennessee areas (see Figure 3). The standard ELISA assay was used to testthe Tennessee (T-66) antigen efficacy against antibody from the south and north. The average absorbance values were 1.350 and 0.986 from the south and north respectively.

As shown in Figure 4, dog serum specimens were collected from 28 dogs infected with B. dermatitidis from the north and south regions. The Tennessee (T-58) antigen efficacy was tested and absorbance values were compared looking for a high antibody-antigen affinity. The average absorbance values were 1.163 and 0.922 from the south and north respectively.

Figure 5 shows results from 28 rabbit serum speci-

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References