Reduced Locomotor Activity Correlates with Increased Severity of Arthritis in a Mouse Model of Antibody-Induced Arthritis ()
Animal models of RA have been useful in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and to developing novel therapeutics to treat RA [10]. However, few studies have been done to measure locomotor activity in these animal models as a measure of disease progression [11-14]. One such model, the K/BxN mice—obtained by crossing the KRN mice with the NOD/Lt mice—develop spontaneous arthritis by 4 weeks of age. The T cells in the K/BxN mice carry a transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes a ubiquitous protein glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) in the context of the NOD MHC II IAg7. Upon activation these T cells provide help to B cells that generate autoantibodies against GPI [15]. Serum from the K/BxN mice can cause arthritis when injected into a wide variety of mouse strains [15]. Passage of the antibodies into the joints initiates an immune complex mediated disease that requires neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells and Th17 cells for disease development [15-18]. Unlike the K/BxNor the collagen-induced arthritis mouse models that are strain dependent, the K/BxN sera transfer arthritis can be induced in a variety of mouse strains and it is not dependent on breaking of T cell tolerance. These distinguishing features have made the K/BxN sera-induced arthritis valuable in investigating factors contributing to inflammation, and bone and cartilage destruction during arthritis [15]. In these investigations, the disease progression in mice was primarily monitored by macroscopic evaluation of the clinical signs of arthritis (ankle thickness measurements and clinical score) and histological evaluation of the joints. Until now the effect of arthritis on the locomotor activity in these mice has not been investigated although a recent study investigated the locomotor activity in the related transgenic K/BxN mice [11,13]. Here, we report a simple non-invasive quantitative method to study locomotor activity during K/BxN sera transfer arthritis using the SmartCage™ platform. This new system is composed of infrared (IR) matrices for activity, position, and locomotion detection. All signals are transmitted via USB cable to a personal computer and data were analyzed automatically using the Windows-based program CageScore™ [19]. This system provides a simple, versatile, and cost-effective platform for quantification of locomotor activity in mice during arthritis. We show here that mice exhibit reduced locomotor activity during K/BxN sera-induced arthritis and discuss its significance in investigating the development of arthritis.
2. Methods
2.1. Animals
KRN mice with a transgenic TCR against GPI were kindly provided by Dr. Diane Mathis (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA). NOD/Lt mice and Balb/c were obtained from Jackson laboratory. The arthritic K/BxN mice were obtained by crossing KRN mice with NOD mice, as is standard [20]. All animals were bred, housed, and cared for in the Stanford Veterinary Service Center under the approval of the Administrative Panel for Laboratory Animal Care, protocol no. 15867.
2.2. Serum Transfer Arthritis
K/BxN serum was collected from 8-week-old K/BxN mice and pooled for each experiment. Arthritis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 200 μL of K/BxN sera on day 0. Thickness of the ankle joints of all the four limbs was measured with a micrometer (Mitutoyo) for 14 days. Joint thickness, the summed average of the thickness of all four limbs per mice, is expressed in millimeters.
2.3. SmartCage™ System
The SmartCage™ platform provides an inner space of 36.0 × 23.0 × 9.0 cm (length × width × height) for mice acts as a station for ‘parking’ a mouse cage (Figure 1). The infrared processor and instrument amplifier are assembled in the platform. Single USB cables are linked directly or via a hub to the host computer (32- or 64-bit Windows XP (Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA)) that provides power and operates up to 16 platforms simultaneously using a uniform graphical user interface and a data acquisition program termed CageCenter™, which comes with the Smart-Cage™ system. Data were analyzed automatically using the Windows-based program CageScore™ (AfaSci, Inc. Burlingame, CA, USA). The locomotor activities, distance traveled and speed are calculated in a user defined time block. CageScore™ processes individual animal activity information and displays the data as the mean ± SD in table and graphic formats.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
The groups were compared using Student’s unpaired 2- tailed t-test. GraphPad Prism software, version 6 was used for statistical analysis. For each test, p values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.
3. Results
3.1. Development of Arthritis in the Balb/c Mice Injected with K/BxN Sera
Balb/c mice were injected intraperitonealy with 200 ml of K/BxN sera and the development of arthritis was monitored by measuring joint thickness daily as described in the Methods section. Balb/c mice injected with 1X PBS were treated as controls.
An increase in joint thickness was observed within 24 hrs in mice injected with K/BxN sera (9.13 ± 0.14 mm) whereas mice injected with PBS did not show any increase (8.61 ± 0.11 mm). Subsequently, the joint thickness in the K/BxN sera transferred mice increased progressively, reaching a maximum on day 6 (10.77 ± 0.82 mm) and gradually reduced to values comparable to that in the control mice by day 14 (K/BxN serum transfer— 8.95 ± 0.23 mm; Control—8.8 ± 0.06 mm; Figure 2). The increase in joint thickness in the arthritic mice was significant during all time points from day 1 to day 12, when compared to the control mice (p < 0.0005).
3.2. Locomotor Activity in Mice during Progression of Arthritis
Given the increase in joint thickness in mice injected with K/BxN sera, we measured the changes in locomotor activity in these mice during the progression of arthritis. K/ BxN sera-treated Balb/c mice and 1X PBS treated Balb/c
Figure 1. A SmartCage set up. An individual SmartCage with a normal mouse cage inside is shown here. The Infra red (IR) array is mounted inside the platform. The IR processor and a microcontrol unit are assembled at the front print circuit board. Signals from the SmartCage are transmitted by a single USB cable that links directly to the host PC.
Figure 2. Characterization of K/BxN sera induced arthritis by measuring joint thickness. Arthritis in the Balb/c mice injected with K/BxN sera (K/BxN serum transfer; n = 5) was followed by measuring joint thickness every day. Balb/c mice (Control; n = 5) injected with 1XPBS were used as non-arthritic controls. Each point in the graph represents mean ± SD, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005.
mice were each placed individually in a SmartCage (as explained in the Materials and Methods). Locomotor activity was recorded for 25 minutes using the SmartCage™ acquisition software (CageCenter™) and analyzed using the SmartCage™ analysis software (CageScore™). Because mice often require a few minutes to explore and accommodate to a new cage environment, the first 5 minutes of each SmartCage recording was not considered for analysis. The data acquired in the final 20 minutes of each recording session was used for analysis. In order to investigate the locomotor activity of mice during arthritis we considered two parameters of activity: Travel Distance and Travel Speed.
3.3. Travel Distance
On analyzing the distance covered by mice as a measure of locomotor activity, it was determined that in K/BxN sera-injected mice, the distance traveled decreased with the progression of arthritis (Figure 3(a)). This reduction in travel distance by the arthritic mice when compared to the travel distance of the control mice was statistically significant on day 4 (K/BxN serum transfer—362 ± 198 cm; Control—1111.6 ± 401 cm, p = 0.01), day 5 (K/BxN serum transfer—369 ± 165 cm; Control—639 ± 154 cm, p = 0.005) and day 6 (K/BxN serum transfer—429 ± 189 cm; Control—1052 ± 500 cm, p = 0.02) post-sera transfer (Figure 3(b)). Furthermore, when we plotted the distance traveled by individual mice at each time point against their corresponding joint thickness measurements, (Figure 3(c)) we found that mice showing larger joint thickness during arthritic progression traveled a considerably shorter distance when compared to mice with smaller joint thickness. Thus, there is a clear correlation between the distance traveled and the increase in joint thickness (Pearson r = −0.5445) during the progress of arthritis.
3.4. Travel Speed
The net amount of time taken for traveling by both K/BxN serum injected arthritic mice and control mice was acquired by the SmartCage™ acquisition software and was used to calculate the travel speed (distance traveled/time spent traveling). The speed with which the K/BxN serum injected arthritic mice traveled during the progression of arthritis was significantly low when compared to the control mice on day 4 (K/BxN serum transfer—126.2 ± 14 cm/min; Control—170 ± 8.19 cm/min, p = 0.0003), day 5 (K/BxN serum transfer—116.2 ± 4.29 cm/min; Control—138 ± 16.5 cm/min, p = 0.024) and day 6 (K/BxN serum transfer—117 ± 4.2 cm/min; Control—138 ± 16.5 cm/min, p = 0.016) (Figure 4(a)). On plotting the joint thickness values of the arthritic mice against their travel speed, we observed that similar to the
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Figure 3. Distance traveled by mice declines with development of arthritis. Balb/c mice injected with K/BxN sera were placed in the SmartCage and the distance traveled by the mice was recorded. (a) The distance traveled by Balb/c mice injected with K/BxN sera is compared with the increase in joint thickness measured in parallel. Each point in the graph represents mean ± SD, n = 5. (b) The distance traveled by the Balb/c mice injected with K/BxN sera (K/BxN serum transfer) is compared to the distance traveled by the Balb/c mice that received 1 XPBS (Control). Each point in the graph represents mean ± SD, n = 5, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005. (c) The distance traveled by Balb/c mice injected with K/BxN sera in correlation to the joint thickness, n = 60, Pearson r = −0.5445. Data are representative of two independent experiments.
travel distance results, the speed of travel decreased with increase in joint thickness (Figure 4(b)). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the decrease in speed and the increase in joint thickness of K/BxN sera-injected arthritic mice (Figure 4(c)). Thus, the above data demonstrate that locomotor activity reduces with increasing joint thickness during K/BxN sera-induced arthritis in Balb/c mice.
4. Discussion
The current study has examined the K/BxN sera transfer model as a tool for studying locomotor activity in mice during arthritis. We have used the SmartCage™ system to record and analyze the locomotor activity of mice. We analyzed the distance traveled and speed of travel by the mice during the development of arthritis. Even though K/BxN sera-injected mice showed an increase in joint swelling on day 1 post-sera transfer, they showed a significant decrease in the locomotor activity compared to the controls only from days 4 to 6 when joint swelling reached maximum levels. Our data demonstrate that a maximum decline in physical activity corresponds to the peak inflammation period. This reflects a similar correlation seen between clinical arthritis and locomotion observed in other rodent models [12,21]. Even though the decline in locomotion was significantly different from the control only at the peak period of the disease, we observed a strong inverse correlation between distance covered, travel speed, and joint thickness in the arthritic mice throughout the progression of the disease. This implies that locomotor activity is modulated by the phase of inflammation that affects the mice. Given these measureable physical activity parameters, the SmartCage™ platform can be a useful tool to determine the effect of inflammation and pain on physical activity in K/BxN sera transfer arthritic mice.
Human RA patients also exhibit reduced walking speed compared to healthy patients [22-24], and this is
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Figure 4. Speed of mice declines during progress of arthritis Balb/c mice injected with K/BxN sera were placed in the SmartCage and time spent in travel was recorded. The distance traveled was then divided by the time spent in travel to give the travelling speed. (a) The travel speed of Balb/c mice after sera transfer is compared with the increase in joint thickness measured in parallel. Each point in the graph represents mean ± SD, n = 5. (b) The travel speed of the Balb/c mice injected with K/BxN sera (K/BxN serum transfer) is compared to the travel speed of the Balb/c mice that received 1 XPBS (Control). Each point in the graph represents mean ± SD, n = 5, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.005. (c) The travel speed of Balb/c mice injected with K/BxN sera in correlation to the joint thickness, n = 60, Pearson r = −0.4131. Data are representative of two independent experiments.
accompanied by active joint disease [23,25,26]. Inflammatory synovitis and dysfunction of the muscle-tendon junctions are postulated mechanisms leading to instability of the joints [27] and loss of foot function which results in a decline in locomotor functions. Another possible explanation for the decline in locomotor function in these arthritic mice is hyperalgesia that manifests at the peak of inflammation. Hyperalgesia in arthritis is caused by the pain-inducing cytokines produced by immune cells. Recently, IL-6—a cytokine expressed during inflammation was found to be involved in the generation of pain in a model of antigen-induced arthritis [28]. Similarly IL-1b plays a central role in the generation of mechanical hyperaglesia in a pain model in mice [29,30]. A recent study investigated the mechanisms of pain in this model [11]. They conducted behavioral tests such as the thermal paw threshold and von Frey mechanical threshold tests to show that K/BxN serum transfer arthritis induces tactile allodynia during the inflammatory phase. Decrease in physical activity is closely correlated with pain in RA patients, and is often caused and exacerbated by several inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2 and inflammatory cytokines) [5-7]. Decrease in activity is also correlated with a decrease in muscle strength and joint destruction in RA patients [8].
Diet plays an important role in the management of RA, and studies have suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants can alleviate symptoms of the disease [31-34]. However, these studies in humans are hampered by the variability in the clinical course of the disease and in the self-prescribed diets of patients that prove difficult to monitor. These shortcomings in human studies can be overcome by studying the effect of the dietary modifications on clinical disease and locomotor function during arthritis in the K/BxN serum transfer model with the SmartCage™ platform.
In the present study, we have demonstrated that mice exhibit reduced locomotor activity during K/BxN serainduced arthritis. Importantly, we were able to correlate the progress of arthritis measured as an increase in joint thickness with the decline in locomotor activity measured using the SmartCage™ apparatus. Thus we have developed a platform to study the factors that are responsible for the decline in physical activity during joint inflammation in mice. This platform will aid in discovering novel therapeutic strategies to treat arthritis in humans.
Disclosures
X.X is the founder and owner of AfaSci, Inc.
Authors’ Contributions
NR designed and conducted experiments, analyzed results and wrote the manuscript; RT conducted experiments and analyzed results; CP provided intellectual input and wrote manuscript; XX provided intellectual input and the SmartCage™ apparatus; EDM contributed to the experimental design, data analysis and wrote the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from Arthritis Foundation (to NR), J American College of Rheumatology Research and Education Foundation, and NIH AI075253 and DK079163 (to EDM).
Abbreviations
RA: Rheumatoid arthritis;
PBS: Phosphate buffered saline;
GPI: Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase.
NOTES