Somatization Symptoms in a Primary Care Clinic at a Tertiary Hospital in Southern Nigeria ()
1. Introduction
A significant number of patients in primary care seek help for somatic symptoms, some of which are not adequately explained by a medical condition. Such symptoms are often referred to as Medically Unexplained Somatic Symptoms (MUSS) and may include common symptoms like aches, pains and fatigue. As reported in some studies, about 25% - 50% of the symptoms encountered in primary healthcare have no evidence of physical disease [1] [2] . In the general population, somatic symptoms are also highly prevalent as rates of 30% - 38% have been reported for symptoms like aches and (or) pains [3] [4] . It has been shown that women are more likely than men to experience medically unexplained symptoms [5] [6] and this is partly due to an increased rate of anxiety and depression in women [5] . Many physicians feel helpless at the face of medically unexplained somatic symptoms and could institute inappropriate physical interventions [7] . Some of these interventions are often extensive, expensive and time consuming as such constituting a burden on both the patient and the healthcare system. This is worrisome especially when considered in the light of the fact that patients with such symptoms seek more of emotional support than the physical interventions often offered by the physicians [8] .
Available data suggest that multiple factors including stressful life events can contribute to the development of medically unexplained somatic symptoms [9] [10] . The north London somatization study also lends support to the role of stressful life events in the aetiology of medically unexplained somatic symptoms [11] .
The process of experiencing medically unexplained somatic symptom is referred to as somatization [12] , a term implying an expression of psychological distress in the physical language of bodily symptoms [13] . It is one of the most frustrating problems in clinical practice for both the physicians―who find the patients very difficult to treat [14] and the patients―who are often dissatisfied with the quality of care they get from their physician [15] [16] . The difficulty encountered in treating somatizing Patients might stem from our limited knowledge/understanding of the condition. To improve our understanding and knowledge of somatization, this study was undertaken with an aim to identify the types of somatization symptoms that are prevalent amongst primary care clinic attendees in Calabar, a city in southern Nigeria.
2. Method
The study was conducted at the General Out Patients Clinic (GOPC) of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. The clinic also serves as a primary healthcare centre, taking both walk-in and referred patients. Clinics are conducted every Monday to Friday and family physicians attend to patients during the clinic sessions. The clinic was visited Monday to Friday during the study period which lasted for five weeks. The consulting family physicians were approached and the aim of the study explained to them. Their cooperation and assistance were solicited and these were granted. Inclusion criterion was presentation in the clinic with a single or combination of somatic complaints in which medical/organic causes have been excluded by the consulting physicians. Ethical committee’s approval was obtained prior to the commencement of this study. Every clinic day, the consulting physicians were persuaded to look out for patients that presented with somatic complaints and to avail the researchers the case notes of such patients if no significant evidence of organic pathologies were found to account for their complaints. The clinic nurses assisted in retrieving such case notes from the consulting physicians immediately the patients consultations with the physician were over. The case notes were checked for the presenting complaints (as documented by the consulting physicians). The symptoms in the complaints were noted and this procedure was continued until 115 consecutive medical case notes that met the inclusion criterion were studied.
Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11. Chi square was used to assess differences between categorical variable and a confidence interval of 95% at significant level less than or equals to 0.05 was applied.
3. Results
The description of the socio demographic characteristics of the one hundred and fifteen patients whose medical case notes were studied is given in Table 1. Their age range was from 19 to 73 years with mean age of 37.7 and a standard deviation 11.9
Twenty-one (18.2%) of the patients were young adults (less than 30 years) while three (2.6%) of the patients were in their old age (70 years and above).
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Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the 115 patients.
Table 2 shows the frequency distribution of their somatic symptoms. The symptoms are arranged in descending order of frequency of complaints. That is, a symptom with the highest number of complaint is shown first while the one with the least number of complaints is shown last.
As shown in Table 3, the subjective abnormal bodily sensation [17] was the most prevalent group of symptoms complained of by the patients. Table 4 shows the relationship between gender and the number of somatic complaints.
4. Discussion
4.1. Socio-Demography of the Somatizing Patients
About eighteen percent of the patients were young adults while 2.6% were elderly (very old) patients. The male to female ratio was 2:3. About a third of the patients (32.2%) were consisted of students and the unemployed.
4.2. Frequency of Symptoms
A total of 19 medically unexplained somatic symptoms were identified and of these, “Internal heat/body heat (not fever)” was the most common complaint. This is in keeping with an earlier work by Okhomina and Ebie who found heat as the commonest symptom occurring in three-fifth of their subjects [18] but contrasts the finding in Ayonrinde’s work where pain was recorded as the commonest symptom [19] . It should be noted that comparing this study with the previous ones will not give us a true picture of the situation. This is because these previous studies though hospital based, were carried out in psychiatric clinics unlike the present study which was conducted at a primary care clinic where patients with somatization are more likely to seek help [20] .
In terms of group of symptoms, subjective abnormal bodily sensation was the most prevalent. The symptoms in this group far outnumbered the pseudo neurological symptoms (PNS). This finding might appear surprising because the PNS are the predominant symptom observed in hysteria/conversion disorders which were the fore- runners of somatization disorder (a specific diagnostic entity recognized in the tenth revision of the International
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Table 2. Frequency distribution of the somatic complaints.
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Table 3. Groups of symptoms in the somatic complaints.
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Table 4. Relationship between gender and number of somatic complaints.
Chi Square = 13.5; Degree of freedom = 2; P = 0.001.
Classification of Diseases-ICD-10 [21] . The predominance of symptoms categorized as subjective abnormal bodily sensation in this study can be explained in line with observation of Prince who opined that people of mainly African cultures tend to employ physical complaints in order to be allowed to enter the sick role, since psychological complaints alone will not be considered sufficient grounds [22] . Prince went further to state that the most prevalent diseases in Africa present with temperature increase (for example, malaria) and crawling sensation (for example, Guinea-worm and Hook-worm). It will therefore not be surprising to see African patients formulate their psychological distress in terms of bodily complaints/symptoms of “heat” (as to mimic malaria) or “crawling sensations” (as to mimic worm infestations). This study found that the complaints of heat and crawling sensations were the most significant constituents of the category of the subjective abnormal bodily sensations accounting for over two-third of all the symptoms in that category. It is important to state that complaints involving this category of symptoms (subjective abnormal bodily sensations) are not included in the criteria for the diagnosis of somatization disorder―a diagnostic entity in the ICD-10.
4.3. Gender and Somatization
Another finding of this study was that women significantly reported more number of somatization symptoms than the males. This is in agreement with the studies conducted in the past by some researchers [23] [24] . However, it contrasts with a study by Ohaeri and Odejide who did not find gender difference in somatization amongst their subjects [25] . In Calabar (Efik) culture where the present study was conducted, males are regarded as stronger gender with higher threshold for discomfort and thus may not admit to discomfort until it becomes very severe. A typical calabar (Efik) man would not easily succumb to sickness and assume the sick role since nobody would take charge of his responsibilities. This tends to force him to cope with whatever sickness/dis- comfort he has until it becomes very severe or unbearable. For this reason, a calabar man is unlikely to complain of any symptom unless it is severe and unbearable. In addition to this, Hobbs et al had opined that when compared with males, there was a greater tendency for women to use somatic language to express psychological discomfort [26] .
5. Conclusion
This study has shown that a number of patients attending the General Out Patient Clinic (GOPC) at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital seek consultations for medically unexplained somatic symptoms and the most prevalent are “Heat”, “Crawling sensation” and “Pain” symptoms. Since somatization implies an expression of psychological distress in bodily symptoms, it will be interesting to explore in future research whether or not somatizing patients in calabar have diagnosable psychological conditions that will require treatment by the psychiatrists. However, it is important to state that the somatization symptoms encountered in calabar (as revealed in this study) are mainly in the group of subjective abnormal bodily sensations and this group of symptoms are not explicitly stated in the symptom criteria recognised in the ICD-10 for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders.
6. Limitations
The symptoms reviewed in this study were those presumed by the consulting family physicians to lack evidence of an organic pathology. The declaration of lack of evidence of organic pathology by the physicians may not mean that none exist since it is dependent on the skills and experience of the consulting physicians as well as availability of adequate facilities for investigations. Therefore, undiagnosed physical illness may have been responsible for some of the symptoms.
NOTES
*The authors contribute equally.
#Corresponding author.