The Global Analysis of a Stochastic Two-Scale Network Epidemic Dynamic Model with Varying Immunity Period ()
1. Introduction
The recent advent of high technology in the area of communication, transpor- tation and basic services, multilateral interactions have afforded efficient global mass flow of human beings, animals, goods, equipments and ideas on the earth’s multi-patches surface. As a result of this, the world has become like a neighbor- hood. Furthermore, the national and binational problems have become the multinational problems. This has generated a sense of cooperation and under- standing about the basic needs of human species in the global community. In short, the idea of globalization is spreading in almost all aspects of the human species on the surface of earth. The world today faces the challenge of increas- ingly high rates of globalization of new human infectious diseases and disease strains [1] associated with the high number of inter-patch connections modern efficient global human transportation. For instance, the recent 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic [2] is closely interrelated with the many inter-patch connections facilitated human transportation of the disease. Attempts to study human infectious disease dynamics influenced by human mobility process in complex human meta-population structures are made [3] - [15] .
The inclusion of the effects of disease latency or immunity into the epidemic dynamic modeling process leads to more realistic epidemic dynamic models. Furthermore, epidemic dynamic processes in populations exhibiting varying time disease latency or immunity delay periods are represented by differential equation models with distributed time delays. Several studies [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] incorporating distributed delays describing the effects of disease latency or immunity in the dynamics of human infectious diseases have been done. A mathematical SIR (susceptible-infective-removal) epidemic dynamic model with distributed time delays representing the varying time temporal immunity period in the immune population class is studied by Blyuss and Kyrychko [19] . In their study, the existence of positive solution is exhibited. Furthermore, the global asymptotic stability of the disease free and endemic equilibria are shown by using Lyapunov functional technique. Moreover, they presented numerical simulation results for a special case SIR epidemic with temporal immunity. The temporal immunity was represented in the epidemic dynamic model by letting the Dirac delta-function be the integral kernel or the probability density function of the distributed time delay.
Stochastic models also offer a better representation of the reality. Several stochastic dynamic models describing single and multi-group disease dynamics have been investigated [20] - [29] . In [21] , a stochastic multi-group SIRS epide- mic dynamic models is derived and studied. The random environmental fluctuations manifest as variability in the disease transmission process. In addi- tion, the global positive solution existence is exhibited by the Lyapunov energy function method and a positively self invariant set is defined. Moreover, the the stochastic asymptotic and mean square stability of the disease free equilibrium are exhibited by applying Lyapunov second method. In [22] , D. Wanduku and G.S. Ladde derived and studied a stochastic two-scale network constant tem- porary delayed SIR epidemic model. The temporary immunity period accounts for the time lag during which newly recovered individuals from the disease with conferred infection acquired or natural immunity lose the immunity and regain the susceptible state. They utilized the Lyapunov energy function method to prove the global positive solution process existence, and defined a positively self invariant set. Moreover, the the stochastic asymptotic and mean square stability of the disease free equilibrium are exhibited by applying Lyapunov functional technique. In [20] , a stochastic SIR epidemic dynamic model with distributed time delay is studied. Moreover, the stochastic asymptotic stability of the disease free equilibrium is also exhibited by applying the Lyapunov functional techni- que.
In this paper we extend the two-scale network SIR temporary delayed epide- mic dynamic model [22] into a two-scale network SIR delayed epidemic dyna- mic model with varying natural immunity period. The varying immunity period accounts for the varying time lengths of immunity within the immune popula- tion class. This means that individuals recovering from the disease acquire natural immunity against the disease. Moreover, the immunity period varies for individuals in the immune population class. Furthermore, the acquired im- munity wanes with time and the temporary immune individuals are reconverted to the susceptible state.
This work is organized as follows. In Section 2, we derive the distributed time acquired immunity delay epidemic dynamic model. In Section 3, we present the model validation results of the epidemic model. In Section 4, we show the stochastic asymptotic stability of the disease free equilibrium.
2. Derivation of the SIR Distributed Delay Stochastic Dynamic Model
In this section, we derive the varying immunity delay effect in the SIR disease dynamics of residents of site
sri in region
Cr of the two-scale population. We recall the general large scale two level stochastic SIR constant temporary delayed epidemic dynamic model studied is given ( [22] , (2.7)-(2.9)). We extend the constant temporary immunity effect in [22] into the varying time temporary immunity effect as follows: we assume that for each
r∈I(1,M) , and
i∈I(1,nr) , infectious
(Iruia) residents of site
sri in region
Cr visiting site
sua in region
Cu recover from the disease and acquire natural immunity against the disease immediately after recovery. The recovered individuals further loose immunity and become susceptible to the disease after a period of time s, where the immunity period s is an infinite random variable with values between 0 and ¥ for the different individuals in the immune population class. Using ideas from [19] , we derive and incorporate the varying time acquired immunity delay effect into the epidemic dynamic model ((2.7)-(2.9), [22] ) by introducing the term
ρua∫∞0Iruia(t−s)fruia(s)e−δuasds
where
e−δuas is the probability that an individual who recovered from disease at an earlier time
t−s is still alive at time t. Furthermore,
fruia(s) is the integral kernel [19] representing the probability density of the time s to loose acquired immunity by residents of site
sri in region
Cr who were previously infectious at their visiting site
sua in region
Cu , and who have recovered from disease acquiring natural immunity with varying time lengths. Moreover,
∫∞0fruia(s)ds=1 , and
fruia≥0 . The two level large scale stochastic SIR delayed epidemic dynamic model with varying natural immunity period and which is influenced by the human mobility process [30] is as follows:
dSruia={[Bri+∑nrk=1 ρrrikSrrik+∑Mq≠r∑nqa=1 ρrqiaSrqia+ϱri∫∞0Irrii(t−s)frrii(s)e−δrisds−(γri+σri+δri)Srrii−∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βrruiiaSrriiIurai]dt−[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vrruiiaSrriiIuraidwrruiia(t)],u=r,a=i[σrrijSrrii+ϱrj∫∞0Irrij(t−s)frrij(s)e−δrjsds−(ρrrij+δrj)Srrij−∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βrrujiaSrrijIuraj]dt−[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vrrujiaSrrijIurajdwrrujia(t)],u=r,a=j,j≠i,[γrqilSrrii+ϱql∫∞0Irqil(t−s)frqil(s)e−δqlsds−(ρrqil+δql)Srqil−∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βqruliaSrqilIuqal]dt−[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vqruliaSrqilIuqaldwqrulia(t)],u=q,a=l,q≠r,
(2.1)
dIruia={[∑nrk=1 ρrrikIrrik+∑Mq≠r∑nqa=1 ρrqiaIrqia−ϱriIrrii−(γri+σri+δri+dri)Irrii+∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βrruiiaSrriiIurai]dt+[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vrruiiaSrriiIuraidwrruiia(t)],u=r,a=i[σrrijIrrii−ϱrjIrrij−(ρrrij+δrj+drj)Irrij+∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βrrujiaSrrijIuraj]dt+[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vrrujiaSrrijIurajdwrrujia(t)],u=r,a=j,j≠i,[γrqilIrrii−ϱqlIrqil−(ρrqil+δql+dql)Irqil+∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βqruliaSrqilIuqal]dt+[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vqruliaSrqilIuqaldwqrulia(t)],u=q,a=l,q≠r,
(2.2)
Rruia={[∑nrk=1 ρrrikRrrik+∑Mq≠r∑nqa=1 ρrqilRrqil+ϱriIrrii−ϱri∫∞0Irrii(t−s)frrii(s)e−δrisds−(γri+σri+δri)Rrrii]dt,u=r,a=i[σrrijRrrii+ϱrjIrrij−ϱrj∫∞0Irrij(t−s)frrij(s)e−δrjsds−(ρrrij+δrj)Rrrij]dt,u=r,a=j,j≠i,[γrqilRrrii+ϱqlIrqil−ϱql∫∞0Irqil(t−s)frqil(s)e−δqlsds−(ρrqil+δql)Rrqil]dt,u=q,a=l,q≠r, (2.3)
where all parameters are previously defined. Furthermore, for each
r∈I(1,M) , and
i∈I(1,nr) , we have the following initial conditions
(Sruia(t),Iruia(t),Rruia(t))=(φruia1(t),φruia2(t),φruia3(t)),t∈[−∞,t0],φruiak∈C([−∞,t0],ℝ+),∀k=1,2,3,∀r,q∈I(1,M),a∈I(1,nu),i∈I(1,nr),φruiak(t0)>0,∀k=1,2,3, (2.4)
where
C([−∞,t0],ℝ+) is the space of continuous functions with the supremum norm
‖φ‖∞=Sup−∞≤t≤t0|φ(t)|. (2.5)
and w is a Wierner process. Furthermore, the random continuous functions
φruiak,k=1,2,3 are
Ϝ0 -measurable, or independent of
w(t) for all
t≥t0 .
We express the state of system (2.1)-(2.3) in vector form and use it, subse- quently. We denote
xruia=(Sruia,Iruia,Rruia)T∈ℝ3xrui0=(xruTi1,xruTi2,⋯,xruTi,nu)T∈ℝ3nu,xru00=(xruT10,xruT20,⋯,xruTnr0)T∈ℝ3nrnu,xr000=(xr1T00,xr2T00,⋯,xrMT00)T∈ℝ3nr∑Mu=1nu,x0000=(x1000,x2000,⋯,xM000)T∈ℝ3(∑Mr=1nr)(∑Mu=1nu), (2.6)
where
r,u∈I(1,M) ,
i∈I(1,nr) ,
a∈Iri(1,nu) . We set
n=∑Mu=1 nu .
Definition 2.1.
1. p-norm in
ℝ3n2 : Let
z0000∈ℝ3n2 be an arbitrary vector defined in (2.6), where
zruia=(zru0ia1,zru0ia2,zru0ia3)T whenever
r,u∈I(1,M) ,
i∈I(1,nr) ,
a∈Iri(1,nu) . The p-norm on
ℝ3n2 is defined as follows
‖z0000‖p=(M∑r=1M∑u=1nr∑i=1nu∑a=13∑j=1|zru0iaj|p)1p (2.7)
whenever
1≤p<∞ , and
ˉz≡‖z0000‖p=max1≤r,u≤M,1≤i≤nr,1≤a≤nu,1≤j≤3|zru0iaj|, (2.8)
whenever
p=∞ . Let
k_≡k0000min=min1≤r,u≤M,1≤i≤nr,1≤a≤nu|kruia|. (2.9)
2. Closed Ball in
ℝ3n2 : Let
z*0000∈ℝ3n2 be fixed. The closed ball in
ℝ3n2 with center at
z*0000 and radius
r>0 denoted
ˉBℝ3n2(z*0000;r) is the set
ˉBℝ3n2(z*0000;r)={z0000∈ℝ3n2:‖z0000−z*0000‖p≤r} (2.10)
In addition, from (2.1)-(2.3), define the vector
y0000∈ℝn2 as follows: For
i∈I(1,nr) ,
l∈Iri(1,nq) ,
r∈I(1,M) and
q∈Ir(1,M) ,
yruia=Sruia+Iruia+Rruia∈ℝ+=[0,∞)yrui0=(yrui1,yrui2,⋯,yrui,nu)T∈ℝnu+,yru00=(yruT10,yruT20,…,yruTnr0)T∈ℝnrnu+,yr000=(yr1T00,yr2T00,⋯,yrMT00)T∈ℝnr∑Mu=1 nu+,y0000=(y10T00,y20T00,⋯,yM0T00)T∈ℝ(∑Mr=1 nr)(∑Mu=1 nu)+, (2.11)
and obtain
dyrqil={[Bri+∑nrk≠i ρrrikyrrik+∑Mq≠r∑nqa=1 ρrqiayrqia−(γri+σri+δri)yrrii−driIrrii]dt, for q=r,l=i[σrrijyrrii−(ρrrij+δrj)yrrij−drjIrrij]dt, for q=r,a=j and i≠j,[γrqilyrrii−(ρrqil+δql))yrqil−dqlIrqil]dt, for q≠r,yrqil(t0)≥0,
(2.12)
3. Model Validation Results
In the following we state and prove a positive solution process existence theorem for the delayed system (2.1)-(2.3). We utilize the Lyapunov energy function method in our earlier study [22] to establish the results of this theorem. We observe from (2.1)-(2.3) that (2.3) decouples from the first two equations in the system. Therefore, it suffices to prove the existence of positive solution process
for
(Sruia,Iruia) . We utilize the notations (2.6) and keep in mind that
Xruia=(Sruia,Iruia)T .
Theorem 3.1. Let
r,u∈I(1,M) ,
i∈I(1,nr) and
a∈I(1,nu) . Given any initial conditions (2.4) and (2.5), there exists a unique solution process
Xruia(t,w)=(Sruia(t,w),Iruia(t,w))T satisfying (2.1) and (2.2), for all
t≥t0 . More- over, the solution process is positive for all
t≥t0 a.s. That is,
Sruia(t,w)>0,Iruia(t,w)>0,∀t≥t0 a.s.
Proof:
It is easy to see that the coefficients of (2.1) and (2.2) satisfy the local Lipschitz condition for the given initial data (2.4). Therefore there exist a unique maximal local solution
Xruia(t,w) on
t∈[−∞,τe(w)] , where
τe(w) is the first hitting time or the explosion time [31] . We show subsequently that
Sruia(t,w),Iruia(t,w)>0 for all
t∈[−∞,τe(w)] almost surely. We define the following stopping time
{τ+=sup{t∈(t0,τe(w)):Sruia|[t0,t]>0 and Iruia|[t0,t]>0},τ+(t)=min(t,τ+), for t≥t0. (3.1)
and we show that
τ+(t)=τe(w) a.s. Suppose on the contrary that
P(τ+(t)<τe(w))>0 . Let
w∈{τ+(t)<τe(w)} , and
t∈[t0,τ+(t)) . Define
{V(X0000)=∑nMr=1∑nri=1∑Mu=1∑nua=1 V(Xruia),V(Xruia)=ln(Sruia)+ln(Iruia),∀t≤τ+(t). (3.2)
We rewrite (3.2) as follows
V(X0000)=M∑r=1nr∑i=1[V(Xrrii)+nr∑j≠i V(Xrrij)+M∑q≠rnq∑l=1 V(Xrqil)], (3.3)
And (3.3) further implies that
dV(X0000)=M∑r=1nr∑i=1[dV(Xrrii)+nr∑j≠i dV(Xrrij)+M∑q≠rnq∑l=1 dV(Xrqil)], (3.4)
where
dV is the Ito-Doob differential operator with respect to the system (2.1)-(2.3). We express the terms on the right-hand-side of (3.4) in the following:
Site Level: From (3.2) the terms on the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of
u=r,a=i
dV(Xrrii)=[BriSrrii+nr∑k≠i ρrrikSrrikSrrii+M∑q≠rnq∑l=1 ρrqiaSrqiaSrrii+ρriSrrii∫∞0Irrii(t−s)frrii(s)e−δrisds −(γri+σri+δri)−M∑u=1nu∑a=1 βrruiiaIurai−12M∑u=1nu∑a=1(vrruiia)2(Iurai)2]dt +[nr∑k≠i ρrrikIrrikSrrii+M∑q≠rnq∑l=1 ρrqiaIrqiaSrrii−ϱri−(γri+σri+δri+dri) −M∑u=1nu∑a=1 βrruiiaSrriiIrriiIurai−12M∑u=1nu∑a=1(vrruiia)2(Srrii)2(Irrii)2(Iurai)2]dt −M∑u=1nu∑a=1 vrruiiaIuraidwrruiia(t)+M∑u=1nu∑a=1 vrruiiaSrriiIrriiIuraidwrruiia(t) (3.5)
Intra-regional Level: From (3.2) the terms on the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of
u=r,a=j,j≠i
dV(Xrrij)=[σrrijSrriiSrrij+ϱrjSrrij∫∞0Irrij(t−s)frrij(s)e−δrjsds −(ρrrij+δrj)−M∑u=1nu∑a=1 βrrujiaIuraj−12M∑u=1nu∑a=1(vrrujia)2(Iuraj)2]dt +[σrrijIrriiIrrij−ϱrj−(ρrrij+δrj+drj) +M∑u=1nu∑a=1 βrrujiaSrrijIrrijIuraj−12M∑u=1nu∑a=1(vrrujia)2(Srrij)2(Irrij)2(Iuraj)2]dt −M∑u=1nu∑a=1 vrrujiaIurajdwrrujia(t)+M∑u=1nu∑a=1 vrrujiaSrrijIrrijIurajdwrrujia(t)
(3.6)
Regional Level: From (3.2) the terms on the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of
u=q,q≠r,a=l ,
dV(Xrqil)=[γrqilSrriiSrqiq+ϱqlSrqil∫∞0Irqil(t−s)frqil(s)e−δqlsds −(ρrqil+δql)−M∑u=1nu∑a=1 βqruliaIuqal−12M∑u=1nu∑a=1(vqrulia)2(Iuqal)2]dt +[γrqilIrriiIrqil−ϱql−(ρrqil+δql+dql) +M∑u=1nu∑a=1 βqruliaSrqilIrqilIuqal−12M∑u=1nu∑a=1(vqrulia)2(Srqil)2(Irqil)2(Iuqal)2]dt −M∑u=1nu∑a=1 vqruliaIuqaldwqrulia(t)+M∑u=1nu∑a=1 vqruliaSrqilIrqilIuqaldwqrulia(t)
(3.7)
It follows from (3.5)-(3.7), (3.4), and (3.1) that for
t<τ+(t) ,
(3.8)
Taking the limit on (3.8) as
t→τ+(t) , it follows from (3.2) and (3.1) that the left-hand-side
V(X0000(t))−V(X0000(t0))≤−∞ (since from (3.2) and (3.1),
V(Xruia(τ+(t)))=lnSruia(τ+(t))+lnIruia(τ+(t))=−∞ ). This contradicts the finiteness of the right-hand-side of the inequality (3.8). Hence
τ+(t)=τe(w) a.s. We show subsequently that
τe(w)=∞ .
Let
k>0 be a positive integer such that
‖φ0000‖1≤k , where the vector of initial values
φ0000=(φruia)1≤r,u≤M,1≤i≤nr,1≤a≤nu∈ℝ2n2 is defined in (2.4). Furthermore,
‖ . ‖1 is the p-sum norm (2.7) for the case of
p=1 . We define the stopping time
{τk=sup{t∈[t0,τe):‖X0000(s)‖1≤k,s∈[0,t]}τk(t)=min(t,τk). (3.9)
where from (2.7),
‖X0000(s)‖1=M∑r=1M∑u=1nr∑i=1nu∑a=1(Sruia(s)+Iruia(s)). (3.10)
It is easy to see that as
k→∞ ,
τk increases. Set
limk→∞τk(t)=τ∞ . Then
τ∞≤τe a.s. We show in the following that: (1)
τe=τ∞ a.s.
⇔P(τe≠τ∞)=0 , (2)
τ∞=∞ a.s.
⇔P(τ∞=∞)=1 .
Suppose on the contrary that
P(τ∞<τe)>0 . Let
w∈{τ∞<τe} and
t≤τ∞ . In the same structure form as (3.2) and (3.4), define
{V1(X0000)=M∑r=1nr∑i=1M∑u=1nu∑a=1 V(Xruia),V1(Xruia)=eδuat(Sruia+Iruia),∀t≤τk(t). (3.11)
From (3.11), using the expression (3.4), the Ito-Doob differential
dV1 with respect to the system (2.1)-(2.3) is given as follows:
Site Level: From (3.11), the terms of the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of
u=r,a=i
dV1(Xrrii)=eδrit[Bri+nr∑k≠i ρrrikSrrik+M∑q≠rnq∑l=1 ρrqiaSrqia+ϱri∫∞0Irrii(t−s)frrii(s)e−δrisds−(γri+σri)Srrii]dt +eδrit[nr∑k≠i ρrrikIrrik+M∑q≠rnq∑l=1 ρrqiaIrqia−ϱriIrrii−(γri+σri+dri)Irrii]dt
(3.12)
Intra-regional Level: From (3.11), the terms of the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of
u=r,a=j,j≠i
dV1(Xrrij)=eδrit[σrrijSrrii+ϱrj∫∞0Irrij(t−s)frrij(s)e−δrjsds−ρrrijSrrij]dt +eδrjt[σrrijIrrii+ϱrjIrrij−(ρrrij+drj)Irrij]dt
(3.13)
Regional Level: From (3.11), the terms of the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of
u=q,q≠r,a=l
dV1(Xrqil)=eδqlt[γrqilSrrii+ϱql∫∞0Irqil(t−s)frqil(s)e−δqlsds−ρrqilSrqil]dt +eδqlt[γrqilIrrii+ϱqlIrqil−(ρrqil+dql)Irqil]dt (3.14)
From (3.12)-(3.14), (3.4), integrating (3.4) over
[t0,τ] leads to the following
(3.15)
From (3.15), we let
τ=τk(t) , where
τk(t) is defined in (3.9). It is easy to see from (3.15), (3.9), (3.10), and (3.11) that
k=‖X0000(τk(t))‖1≤V1(X0000(τk(t))) (3.16)
Taking the limit on (3.16) as
k→∞ leads to a contradiction because the left-hand-side of the inequality (3.16) is infinite, and the right-hand-side is finite. Hence
τe=τ∞ a.s. In the following, we show that
τe=τ∞=∞ a.s. We let
w∈{τe<∞} . Applying some algebraic manipulations and simplifications to (3.15), we have the following
I{τe<∞}V1(X0000(τ))=I{τe<∞}V1(X0000(t0))+I{τe<∞}M∑r=1nr∑i=1Briδri(eδriτ−1) +I{τe<∞}M∑r=1nr∑i=1M∑q=1nq∑l=1∫∞0frqil(t)[ϱql∫t0−tIrqil(s)eδqlsds−ϱql∫ττ−tIrqil(s)eδqlsds]dt −I{τe<∞}M∑r=1nr∑i=1∫τt0[σrieδris−nr∑j≠i σrrijeδrjs](Srrii+Irrii)ds −I{τe<∞}M∑r=1nr∑i=1∫τt0[γrieδris−M∑q=1nq∑l=1 γrqileδqls](Srrii+Irrii)ds −I{τe<∞}M∑r=1nr∑i=1 dri∫τt0Irriieδrisds−I{τe<∞}M∑r=1nr∑i=1nr∑j≠i drj∫τt0Irrijeδrjsds −I{τe<∞}M∑r=1nr∑i=1M∑q=1nq∑l=1 dql∫τt0Irqileδqlsds, (3.17)
where
IA is the indicator function of the set A.
We recall [30] ,
σri=∑nrj≠i σrrij and
γri=∑Mq≠r∑nql=1 γrqil . Hence the fourth and fifth terms on the right-hand-side of (3.17) are such that
[σrieδris−∑nrj≠iσrrijeδrjs]≥0,
∀δri≥δrj,j≠i
and
[γrieδris−∑Mq=1∑nql=1 γrqileδqls]≥0,
∀δri≥δql,q≠r,l∈I(1,nq)
We now let
τ=τk(t)∧T in (3.17),
∃T>0 , where
τk(t) is defined in (3.9). The expected value of (3.17) is estimated as follows
E[I{τe<∞}V1(X0000(τk(t)∧T))]≤V1(X0000(t0))+nr∑i=1Briδrieδriτk(t)∧T +M∑r=1nr∑i=1M∑q=1nq∑l=1∫∞0frqil(t)[ϱql∫t0−t φrqil2(s)eδqlsds]dt (3.18)
Furthermore, from (3.10), (3.11) and the definition of the indicator function
IA it follows that
I{τe<∞,τk(t)≤T}‖X0000(τk(t))‖1≤I{τe<∞}V1(X0000(τk(t)∧T)) (3.19)
It follows from (3.18), (3.19) and (3.9) that
P({τe<∞,τk(t)≤T})k=E[I{τe<∞,τk(t)≤T}‖X0000(τk(t))‖1]≤E[I{τe<∞}V(X0000(τk(t)∧T))]≤V1(X0000(t0))+nr∑i=1BriδrieδriT+M∑r=1nr∑i=1M∑q=1nq∑l=1∫∞0frqil(t)[ϱql∫t0−t φrqil2(s)eδqlsds]dt (3.20)
It follows immediately from (3.20) that
P({τe<∞,τ∞≤T})→0 as
k→∞ . Furthermore, since
T<∞ is arbitrary, we conclude that
P({τe<∞,τ∞<∞})=0 . Finally, by the total probability principle,
P({τe<∞})=P({τe<∞,τ∞=∞})+P({τe<∞,τ∞<∞})≤P({τe≠τ∞})+P({τe<∞,τ∞<∞})=0.
(3.21)
Thus from (3.21),
τe=τ∞=∞ a.s. as was required to show.
Remark 3.1. For any
r∈I(1,M) and
i∈I(1,nr) , Theorem 3.1 signifies that the number of residents of site
sri of all categories present at home site
sri , or visiting intra and inter-regional sites
srj and
sql respectively, are nonne- gative. This implies that the total number of residents of site
sri present at home site and also visiting sites in regions in their intra and inter-regional accessible domains [21] , given by the sum
Nrri0(t)=∑Mu=1∑nua=1 yruia , is nonnega- tive. Moreover, the total effective population [21] , defined by
eff(Nrri0)(t)=∑Mu=1∑nua=1 yurai , at any site
sri in region
Cr is also nonnegative at all time
t≥t0 .
The following result defines an upper bound for the solution process of the system (2.1)-(2.3). We utilize Theorem 3.1 to establish this result.
Theorem 3.2. Suppose the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1 is satisfied. Let
μ=min1≤u≤M,1≤a≤nu(δua) . If
M∑r=1M∑u=1nr∑i=1nu∑a=1 yruia(t0)≤1μM∑r=1nr∑i=1 Bri, (3.22)
then
M∑r=1M∑u=1nr∑i=1nu∑a=1 yruia(t)≤1μM∑r=1nr∑i=1 Bri, for t≥t0 a.s. (3.23)
Proof: See ( [22] , Lemma 3.2)
Remark 3.2. From Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.2, we conclude that a closed ball
ˉBR3n2(→0;r) in
R3n2 under the sum norm
‖ ⋅ ‖1 centered at the origin
→0∈R3n2 , with radius
r=1μ∑Mr=1∑nri=1 Bri is self-invariant with regard to a two-
scale network dynamics of human epidemic process (2.1)-(2.3) that is under the influence of human mobility process [30] . That is,
ˉBR3n2(→0;r)={(Sruia,Iruia,Rruia):yruia(t)≥0 and ‖x0000‖1=M∑r=1M∑u=1nr∑i=1nu∑a=1 yruia(t)≤1μM∑r=1nr∑i=1 Bri}
(3.24)
is a positive self-invariant set for system (2.1)-(2.3). We shall denote
ˉB≡1μM∑r=1nr∑i=1 Bri (3.25)
4. Existence and Asymptotic Behavior of Disease Free Equilibrium
In this section, we study the existence and the asymptotic behavior of the disease free equilibrium state of the system (2.1)-(2.3). The disease free equilibrium is obtained by solving the system of algebraic equations obtained by setting the drift and the diffusion parts of the system of stochastic differential equations to zero. In addition, we utilize the conditions that
I=R=0 in the event when there is no disease in the population. We summarize the results in the following. For any
r,u∈I(1,M) ,
i∈I(1,nr) and
a∈I(1,nu) , let
Dri=γri+σri+δri−nr∑a=1ρrriaσrriaρrria+δra−M∑u≠rnu∑a=1ρrriaγruiaρruia+δua≥δri>0. (4.1)
Furthermore, let
(Sru∗ia,Iru∗ia,Rru∗ia) be the equilibrium state of the delayed system (2.1)-(2.3). One can see that the disease free equilibrium state is given by
Eruia=(Sru∗ia,0,0) , where
Sru∗ia={BriDri, for u=r,a=i,BriDriσrrijρrrij+δrj, for u=r,a≠i,BriDriγruiaρruia+δua, for u≠r. (4.2)
The asymptotic stability property of
Eruia will be established by verifying the conditions of the stochastic version of the Lyapunov second method given in ( [31] , Theorem 2.4), [32] , and ( [31] , Theorem 4.4), [32] respectively. In order to study the qualitative properties of (2.1)-(2.3) with respect to the equilibrium state
(Sru∗ia,0,0) , first, we use the change of variable that shifts the equilibrium to the origin. For this purpose, we use the following transformation:
{Uruia=Sruia−Sru*iaVruia=IruiaWruia=Rruia (4.3)
By employing this transformation, system (2.1)-(2.3) is transformed into the following forms
dUrqil={[∑Mq=1∑nqa=1 ρrqiaUrqia+ϱri∫∞0Vrrii(t−s)frrii(s)e−δrisds−(γri+σri+δri)Urrii−∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βrruiia(Srr*ii+Urrii)Vurai]dt−[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vrruiia(Srr*ii+Urrii)Vuraidwrruiia(t)], for q=r,l=i[σrrijUrrii+ϱrj∫∞0Vrrij(t−s)frrij(s)e−δrjsds−(ρrrij+δrj)Urrij−∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βrrujia(Srr∗ij+Urrij)Vuraj]dt−[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vrrujia(Srr*ij+Urrij)Vurajdwrrujia(t)], for q=r,l=j,j≠i,[γrqilUrrii+ϱql∫∞0Vrqil(t−s)frqil(s)e−δqlsds−(ρrqil+δql)Urqil−∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βqruliaSrqilIuqal]dt−[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vqrulia(Srq*il+Urqil)Vuqaldwqrulia(t)], for q≠r,
(4.4)
dVrqil={[∑Mq=1∑nqa=1 ρrqiaVrqia−(ϱri+γri+σri+δri+dri)Wrrii+∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βrruiia(Srr*ii+Urrii)Vurai]dt+[∑Mu=1∑nua=1vrruiia(Srr*ii+Urrii)Vuraidwrruiia(t)], for q=r,l=i[σrrijVrrii−(ϱrj+ρrrij+δrj+drj)Vrrij+∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βrrujia(Srr*ij+Urrij)Vuraj]dt+[∑Mu=1∑nua=1 vrrujia(Srr*ij+Urrij)Vurajdwrrujia(t)], for q=r,l=j,j≠i,[γrqilVrrii−(ϱql+ρrqil+δql+dql)Vrqil∑Mu=1∑nua=1 βqrulia(Srq*il+Urqil)Vuqal]dt+[∑Mu=1∑nua=1vqrulia(Srq*il+Urqil)Vuqaldwqrulia(t)], for q≠r,
(4.5)
and
dWrqil={[∑Mq=1∑nqa=1 ρrqilWrqil+ϱriVrrii−ϱri∫∞0Vrrii(t−s)frrii(s)e−δrisds−(γri+σri+δri)Wrrii]dt, for q=r,l=i[σrrijWrrii+ϱrjVrrij−ϱrj∫∞0Vrrij(t−s)frrij(s)e−δrjsds−(ρrrij+δrj)Wrrij]dt, for q=r,l=j,j≠i[γrqilWrrii+ϱqlVrqil−ϱql∫∞0Vrqil(t−s)frqil(s)e−δqlsds−(ρrqil+δql)Wrqil]dt, for q≠r
(4.6)
We state and prove the following lemmas that would be useful in the proofs of the stability results.
Lemma 4.1. Let
V1:ℝ3n2×ℝ+→ℝ+ be a function defined by
{V1(˜x0000)=∑Mr=1∑Mu=1∑nri=1∑nua=1 V(˜xruia),V1(˜xruia)=(Sruia−Sru*ia+Iruia)2+cruia(Iruia)2+(Rruia)2˜x0000=(Uruia,Vruia,Wruia)T and cruia≥0. (4.7)
Then
V1∈C2,1(ℝ3n2×ℝ+,ℝ+) , and it satisfies
b(‖˜x0000‖)≤V1(˜x0000(t))≤a(‖˜x0000‖) (4.8)
where
b(‖˜x0000‖)=min1≤r,u≤M,1≤i≤nr,1≤a≤nu{cruia2+cruia}M∑r=1M∑u=1nr∑i=1nu∑a=1[(Uruia)2+(Vruia)2+(Wruia)2]a(‖˜x0000‖)=max1≤r,u≤M,1≤i≤nr,1≤a≤nu{cruia+2}M∑r=1M∑u=1nr∑i=1nu∑a=1[(Uruia)2+(Vruia)2+(Wruia)2]. (4.9)
Proof: See ( [22] , Lemma 4.1).
Remark 4.1. Lemma 4.1 shows that the Lyapunov function V defined in (4.7) is positive definite, decrescent and radially unbounded (4.8) function [31] [32] .
We now state the following lemma.
Lemma 4.2. Assume that the hypothesis of Lemma 4.1 is satisfied. Define a Lyapunov functional
V=V1+V2, (4.10)
where
V1 is defined by (4.7), and
V2=3M∑r=1nr∑i=1M∑u=1nu∑a=1[(ϱua)2μruia∫∞0(frria(s)e−2δras∫tt−s(Vruia(θ))2dθ)ds], (4.11)
Furthermore, let
Uruia={[∑Mu=1∑nua=1μruia+∑nra≠i(σrria)2μrrii+∑Ma≠r∑nra=1(γruia)2μrrii+2μrrii](γri+σri+δri), for u=r,i=a[(ρrria)2μrria+μrrii+32μrria](ρrria+δra), for u=r,a≠i[(ρruia)2μruia+μrrii+32μruia](ρruia+δua), for u≠r, (4.12)
Vruia={12∑Mu=1∑nua=1 μruia+12∑Mv=1∑nvb=1 βrrviib(Srr∗iiμrrii+μrrii)+12drriiϱri+γri+σri+δri+dri, for a=i,u=r12μrrii+12∑Mv=1∑nvb=1 βrrvaib(Srr∗iaμrria+μrria)+12drraiϱra+ρrria+δra+dra, for a≠i,u=r12μrrii+12∑Mv=1∑nvb=1 βurvaib(Sru∗iiμruia+μruia)+12duraiϱua+ρruia+δua+dua, for u≠r. (4.13)
and
Wruia={[12∑Mu=1∑nua=1μruia+12∑Mu≠r∑nra=1(γruia)2μrrii+12∑nra≠i(σrria)2μrrii+μrrii](γri+σri+δri), for u=r,a=i,[12(ρrria)2μrria+12μrrii+μrria](ρrria+δra), for u=r,a≠i,[12(ρruia)2μruia+12μrrii+μruia](ρruia+δua), for u≠r (4.14)
for some suitably defined positive numbers
μruia and
durai , where
μruia depends on
δua , for all
r,u∈Ir(1,M) ,
i∈I(1,n) and
a∈Iri(1,nr) . Assume that
Uruia≤1 ,
Vruia<1 and
Wruia≤1 . There exist positive numbers
ϕruia ,
ψruia and
φruia such that the differential operator LV associated with Ito-Doob type stochastic system (2.1)-(2.3) satisfies the following inequality
LV(˜x0000)≤M∑r=1nr∑i=1[−[ϕrrii(Urrii)2+ψrrii(Vrrii)2+φrrii(Wrrii)2] −nr∑a≠i[ϕrria(Urria)2+ψrria(Vrria)2+φrria(Wrria)2] −M∑u≠rnu∑a=1[ϕruia(Urria)2+ψruia(Vruia)2+φruia(Wruia)2]]. (4.15)
Moreover,
LV(˜x0000)≤−cV1(˜x0000) (4.16)
where a positive constant c is defined by
c=min1≤r,u≤M,1≤i≤nr,1≤a≤nu{ϕruia,ψruia,φruia}max1≤r,u≤M,1≤i≤nr,1≤a≤nu{Cruia+2} (4.17)
Proof:
The computation of differential operator [31] [32] applied to the Lyapunov function
V1 in (4.7) with respect to the large-scale system of Ito-Doob type stochastic differential Equations (2.1)-(2.3) is as follows:
LV1(˜x0000)=M∑r=1nr∑i=1[LV1(˜xrrii)+nr∑j≠i LV1(˜xrrij)+M∑u≠rnu∑a=1 LV1(˜xruia)], (4.18)
where,
LV1(˜xrrii)=2M∑u=1nu∑a=1[(1+Crrii)ρruiaVruiaVrrii+ρruiaUruiaUrrii+ρruiaVruiaUrrii+ρruiaUruiaVrrii+ρruiaWruiaWrrii] +2ϱriUrrii∫∞0Vrrii(t−s)frrii(s)e−δrisds+2ϱriVrrii∫∞0Vrrii(t−s)frrii(s)e−δrisds −2ϱriWrrii∫∞0Vrrii(t−s)frrii(s)e−δrisds−2ϱriVrriiWrrii −2[(ϱri+dri)+2(γri+σri+δri)]VrriiUrrii−2(γri+σri+δri)(Urrii)2 −2[(crrii+1)ϱri+2(crrii+1)(γri+σri+δri+dri)](Vrrii)2 −2(γri+σri+αri+δri)(Wrrii)2+2crriiM∑u=1nu∑a=1 βrruiia(Srr*ii+Urrii)VuraiVrrii +crriiM∑u=1nu∑a=1(vrruiia)2(Srr*ii+Urrii)2(Vurai)2, for u=r,a=i
(4.19)
nr∑a≠i LV1(˜xrria)=nr∑a≠r{2(1+crria)σrriaVrriaVrrii+2σrriaUrriaUrrii+2σrriaVrriaUrrii+2σrriaUrriaVrrii+2σrriaWrriaWrrii +2ϱraUrria∫∞0Vrria(t−s)frria(s)e−δrasds+2ρraVrria∫∞0Vrria(t−s)frria(s)e−δrasds −2ϱraWrria∫∞0Vrria(t−s)frria(s)e−δrasds−2[(crria+1)ϱra+2(crria+1)(ρrria+δra)](Vrria)2 −2(ρrria+δra)(Urria)2−2(ρrria+δra)(Wrria)2+2ϱraVrriaWrria −2[(ϱra+dra)+2(ρrria+δra)]VrriaUrria}+2nr∑a≠i crriaM∑v=1nv∑b=1 βrrvaib(Srr*ia+Urria)VvrbaVrria +nr∑a≠i crriaM∑v=1nv∑b=1(vrrvaib)2(Srr∗ia+Urria)2(Vvrba)2, for u=r, a≠i
(4.20)
M∑u≠rnr∑a=1 LV1(˜xruia)=M∑u≠rnu∑a=1{2(1+cruia)γruiaVruiaVrrii+2γruiaUruiaUrrii+2γruiaVruiaUrrii+2γruiaUruiaVrrii +2γruiaWruiaWrrii+2ϱuaUruia∫∞0Vruia(t−s)fruia(s)e−δuasds +2ϱuaVruia∫∞0Vruia(t−s)fruia(s)e−δuasds−2ϱuaWruia∫∞0Vruia(t−s)fruia(s)e−δuasds −2[(cruia+1)ϱua+2(cruia+1)(ρruia+δua+dua)](Vruia)2−2(ρruia+δua)(Uruia)2 −2(ρruia+αua+δua)(Wrria)2+2ϱuaVruiaWruia−2[(ϱua+dua)+2(ρruia+δua)]VruiaUruia} +2M∑u≠rnu∑a=1 cruiaM∑v=1nv∑b=1 βurvaib(Sru*ia+Uruia)VvubaVruia +M∑u≠rnr∑a=1 cruiaM∑v=1nv∑b=1(vurvaib)2(Sru*ia+Uruia)2(Vvuba)2, for u≠r
(4.21)
By using (3.25) and the algebraic inequality
2ab≤a2g(c)+b2g(c) (4.22)
where
a,b,c∈ℝ , and the function g is such that
g(c)>0 . The fourteenth term in (4.19)-(4.21) is estimated as follows:
2M∑v=1nv∑b=1 crriiβrrviib(Srr*ii+Urrii)VvrbiVrrii≤M∑v=1nv∑b=1 crriiβrrviib(Srr*iigri(δri)+gri(δri))(Vrrii)2 +M∑v=1nv∑b=1 crriiβrrviib(Srr*iigri(δri)+ˉB2gri(δri))(Vvrbi)2
2nr∑a≠rM∑v=1nv∑b=1 crriaβrrvaib(Srr*ia+Urria)VvrbaVrria≤nr∑a≠rM∑v=1nv∑b=1 crriaβrrvaib(Srr*iagri(δra)+gri(δra))(Vrria)2 +nr∑a≠rM∑v=1nv∑b=1 crriaβrrvaib(Srr*iagri(δra)+ˉB2gri(δra))(Vvrbi)2
and
2M∑u≠rnu∑a=1M∑v=1nv∑b=1 cruiaβurvaib(Sru*ia+Uruia)VvubaVruia≤M∑u≠rnu∑a=1M∑v=1nv∑b=1 cruiaβurvaib(Sru*iagri(δua)+gri(δua))(Vruia)2+M∑u≠rnu∑a=1M∑v=1nv∑b=1 cruiaβurvaib(Sru*iagri(δua)+ˉB2gri(δua))(Vvuba)2 (4.23)
Furthermore, by using Cauchy-Swartz and Hölder inequalities and (4.22), the sixth, seventh and eighth terms in (4.19)-(4.21) are estimated as follows:
2ϱuaAruia∫∞0Vruia(t−s)fruia(s)e−δuasds≤(ϱua)2μruia∫∞0(Vruia(t−s))2fruia(s)e−2δuasds+μruia(Aruia)2, ∀r,u∈I(1,M),i∈I(1,nr),a∈I(1,nu),Aruia∈{Uruia,Vruia,Wruia}.
(4.24)
From (4.19)-(4.23), (4.18), repeated usage of (3.25) and inequality (4.22) coupled with some algebraic manipulations and simplifications, we have the following inequality
(4.25)
where
μruia=gri(δua) ,
gri is appropriately defined by (4.22). The differential operator LV [31] [32] applied to the Lyapunov functional (4.10) and (4.11), leads to the following
LV(˜x0000)≤LV1(˜x0000)+3M∑r=1nr∑i=1M∑u=1nu∑a=1(ϱua)2μruia(Vruia(t))2∫∞0fruia(s)e−2δuasds −3M∑r=1nr∑i=1M∑u=1nu∑a=1(ϱua)2μruia∫∞0(Vruia(t−s))2fruia(s)e−2δuasds. (4.26)
We note that
∫∞0fruia(s)e−2δuasds≤1 . Furthermore, tt follows from (4.26), (4.25), and some further algebraic manipulations and simplifications that
LV(˜x0000)≤M∑r=1nr∑i=1−{[ϕrrii(Urrii)2+ψrrii(Vrrii)2+φrrii(Wrrii)2] +nr∑a≠r[ϕrria(Urria)2+ψrria(Vrria)2+φrria(Wrria)2] +M∑u≠rnu∑a=1[ϕruia(Uruia)2+ψruia(Vruia)2+φruia(Wruia)2]}. (4.27)
where, for each
r,u∈I(1,M) ,
i∈I(1,nr) and
a∈I(1,nu) , using (4.12), (4.13) and (4.14), we define the constants
durai ,
ϕruia ,
ψruia and
φruia as follows:
durai=M∑v=1nv∑b=1 cvubaβuvrabi(Svu*ba+ˉB2μvuba)+M∑v=1nv∑b=1 cvuba(vuvrabi)2(Svu*ba+ˉB)2 (4.28)
for some positive numbers
cruia , for all
r,u∈Ir(1,M) ,
i∈I(1,n) and
a∈Iri(1,nr) .
ϕruia={2(γri+σri+δri)(1−Uruia), for u=r,a=i2(ρrria+δra)(1−Uruia), for u=r,a≠i2(ρruia+δua)(1−Uruia), for u≠r, (4.29)
ψruia={2(ϱri+γri+σri+δri+dri)[crrii(1−Vrrii)+(1−12Errii)], for u=r,a=i2(ϱra+ρrria+δra+dra)[crria(1−Vrria)+(1−12Erria)], for u=r,a≠i2(ϱua+ρruia+δua+dua)[cruia(1−Vruia)+(1−12Eruia)], for u≠r (4.30)
and
φruia={2(γri+σri+δri)(1−Wruia), for u=r,a=i,2(ρrria+δra)(1−Wruia), for u=r,a≠i,2(ρruia+δua)(1−Wruia), for u≠r (4.31)
moreover,
Uruia,Vruia,Wruia are given in (4.12), (4.13), (4.14) and
Eruia={[2∑Mu=1∑nua=1 μruia+∑nra≠r(2+crria)(σrria)2μrrii+∑Mu=1∑nua=1(2+cruia)(γruia)2μrrii+μrrii(ϱri+γri+σri+δri+dri)+(ϱri+dri)2μrrii+4(γri+σri+δri)2μrrii+(ϱri)2μrrii+3(ϱri)2μrrii(ϱri+γri+σri+δri+dri)], for u=r,a=i,[(2+crrii)(ρrria)2μrria+2μrrii+(ρra+dra)2μrria+4(ρrria+δra)2μrria+μrria+3(ϱra)2μrria(ϱra+ρrria+δra+dra)], for u=r,a≠i,[(2+crrii)(ρruia)2μruia+2μrrii+(ρua+dua)2μruia+4(ρruia+δua)2μruia+μruia+3(ϱua)2μruia(ϱua+ρruia+δua+dua)], for ,u≠r
Under the assumptions on
Uruia ,
Vruia and
Wruia , it is clear that
ϕruia,ψruia and
φruia are positive for suitable choices of the constants
cruia>0 . Thus this proves the inequality (4.15). Now, the validity of (4.16) follows from (4.15) and (4.8), that is,
LV(˜x0000)≤−cV1(˜x0000),
where
c=min1≤r,u≤M,1≤i≤nr,1≤a≤nu{ϕruia,ψruia,φruia}max1≤r,u≤M,1≤i≤nr,1≤a≤nu{Cruia+2} . This completes the proof. We now formally state the stochastic stability theorems for the disease free equilibria.
Theorem 4.1. Given
r,u∈I(1,M) ,
i∈I(1,nr) and
a∈I(1,nu) . Let us assume that the hypotheses of Lemma 4.2 are satisfied. Then the disease free solutions
Eruia , are asymptotically stable in the large. Moreover, the solutions
Eruia are exponentially mean square stable.
Proof:
From the application of comparison result [31] [32] , the proof of stochastic asymptotic stability follows immediately. Moreover, the disease free equilibrium state is exponentially mean square stable. We now consider the following corollary to Theorem 4.1.
Corollary 4.1. Let
r∈I(1,M) and
i∈I(1,nr) . Assume that
σri=γri=0 , for all
r∈I(1,M) and
i∈I(1,nr) .
Uruia={1δri1[∑Mu=1∑nua=1μruia+2μrrii] for u=r,i=a[(ρrria)2μrria+μrrii+32μrria](ρrria+δra), for u=r,a≠i[(ρruia)2μruia+μrrii+32μruia](ρruia+δua), for u≠r, (4.32)
Vruia={12 ∑Mu=1∑nua=1 μruia+12∑Mv=1∑nvb=1 βrrviib(Srr*iiμrrii+μrrii)+12drriiϱri+δri+dri, for a=i,u=r12μrrii+12∑Mv=1∑nvb=1 βrrvaib(Srr*iaμrria+μrria)+12drraiϱra+ρrria+δra+dra, for a≠i,u=r12μrrii+12∑Mv=1∑nvb=1 βurvaib(Sru*iiμruia+μruia)+12duraiϱua+ρruia+δua+dua, for u≠r. (4.33)
and
Wruia={1δri1[12∑Mu=1∑nua=1 μruia+μrrii], for u=r,a=i,[12(ρrria)2μrria+12μrrii+μrria](ρrria+δra), for u=r,a≠i,[12(ρruia)2μruia+12μrrii+μruia](ρruia+δua), for u≠r (4.34)
The equilibrium state
Errii is stochastically asymptotically stable provided that
Uruia,Wruia≤1 and
Vruia<1 , for all
u∈Ir(1,M) and
a∈Iri(1,nu) .
Proof: Follows immediately from the hypotheses of Lemma 4.2, (letting
σri=γri=0 ), the conclusion of Theorem 4.1 and some algebraic manipulations.
Remark 4.2.
1. The presented results about the two-level large scale delayed SIR disease dynamic model depend on the underlying system parameters. In particular, the sufficient conditions are algebraically simple, computationally attractive and explicit in terms of the rate parameters. As a result of this, several scenarios can be discussed and exhibit practical course of action to control the disease. For simplicity, we present an illustration as follows: the conditions of
σri=γri=0,
∀r,i in Corollary 4.1 signify that the arbitrary site
sri is a “sink” in the context of compartmental systems [33] [34] for all other sites in the inter and intra- regional accessible domain. This scenario is displayed in Figure 1. The condi- tions
Urrii≤1 and
Wrrii≤1 exhibit that the average life span is smaller than the joint average life span of individuals in the intra and inter-regional accessible domain of site
sri . Furthermore, the conditions
Vruia<1,∀u∈I(1,M),a∈I(1,nr) , and
Uruia≤1,Wruia≤1,∀u=r,a≠i , and
∀u≠r,a∈I(1,nr) , signify that the magnitude of disease inhibitory processes for example, the magnitude of the recovery process is greater than the disease transmission process. A future detailed study of the disease dynamics in the two scale network dynamic
Figure 1. Shows that residents of site
sri are present only at their home site
sri . Hence they isolate every site from their inter and intra regional accessible domain
C(sri) . Site
sri is a “sink” in the context of the compartmental system [33] [34] . The arrows represent a transport network between any two sites and regions. Furthermore, the dotted lines and arrows indicate connection with other sites and regions.
structure for many real life scenarios using the presented two level large-scale delay SIR disease dynamic model will appear elsewhere.
2. The stochastic delayed epidemic model (2.1)-(2.3) is a general representa- tion of infection acquired immunity delay in a two-scale network population disease dynamics. The stochastic delayed epidemic model with temporary immunity period ((2.7)-(2.9), [22] ) and the numerical simulation results (Sec- tion 5, [22] ) are special cases of (2.1)-(2.3) when we let the probability density function of the immunity period,
fruia(s)=δ(s−Tri),
∀r,u∈I(1,3),
∀i,a∈I(1,3) , where d is the Dirac d-function [19] .
5. Conclusions
The presented two-scale network delayed epidemic dynamic model with varying immunity period characterizes the dynamics of an SIR epidemic in a population with various scale levels created by the heterogeneities in the population. Moreover, the disease dynamics is subject to random environmental perturba- tions at the disease transmission stage of the disease. Furthermore, the SIR epidemic confers varying time temporary acquired immunity to recovered individuals immediately after recovery. This work provides a mathematical and probabilistic algorithmic tool to develop different levels nested type disease transmission rates, the variability in the transmission process as well as the distributed time delay in the framework of the network-centric Ito-Doob type dynamic equations. In addition, the concept of distributed delay caused by the acquired immunity period in the dynamics of human epidemics is explored for the first time in the context of complex scale-structured type human meta- populations.
The model validation results are developed and a positively self invariant set for the dynamic model is defined. Moreover, the globalization of the positive solution existence is obtained by applying an energy function method. In addition, using the Lyapunov functional technique, the detailed stochastic asym- ptotic stability results of the disease free equilibria are also exhibited in this paper. Moreover, the system parameter values dependent threshold values controlling the stochastic asymptotic stability of the disease free equilibrium are also defined. Furthermore, a deduction to the stochastic asymptotic stability results for a simple real life scenario is illustrated. We note, further detail study of the stochastic SIR human epidemic dynamic model with varying immunity period for two scale network mobile population exhibiting several real life human mobility patterns will appear elsewhere.
We note that the disease dynamics is subject to random environmental perturbations from other related sub-processes such as the mobility, recovery, birth and death processes. The variability due to the disease transmission incorporated in the epidemic dynamic model will be extended to the variability in the mobility, recovery and birth and death processes. A further detailed study of the oscillation of the epidemic process about the ideal endemic equilibrium of the dynamic epidemic model will also appear else where. In addition, a detailed study of the hereditary features of the infectious agent such as the time-lag to infectiousness of exposed individuals in the population is currently underway and it will also appear elsewhere.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Mathematical Science Division, US Army Research Office, Grant No. W911NF-12-1-0090.