Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a size biased Lindley distribution which is a special case of weighted distributions. Weighted distributions have practical significance where some types of biased occur in a density function, i.e. probability is proportional to the size of the variate, that’s why the proposed version of size biased Lindley is designed for such situations more reasonably and more precisely. Principle properties of the density function are also discussed in this paper such as moments, measure of skewness, kurtosis, moment generating function, characteristics generating function, coefficient of variation, survival function and hazard function which are derived for understanding the structure of the proposed distribution more briefly.

Keywords

Lindley Distribution, Weighted Distribution, Size Biased, Survival Function, Hazard Function

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1. Introduction

Weighted Distributions

Weighted distributions are required when the recorded observation from an event cannot randomly sample from actual distribution. This happens when the original observation damaged as well as an event occur in non-observability manner. Due to these inappropriate situations, resulting values are reduced, and units or events do not have same chances of occurrences as if they follow the exact distribution.

Let the original observation $x$ has pdf $f\left(x\right)$ then in case of any biased in sampling appropriate weighted function, say $w\left(x\right)$ which is a function of random variable will be introduced to model the situation.

Then new density function $f^w\left(x\right)$ will be given by Equation (1), where $f^w$ represent a weighted distribution where $w$ is considered as weighted function

$f^w\left(x\right)=w\left(x\right)f\left(x\right)/w$ (1)

where $w\left(x\right)$ is considered as normalizing factor which is utilized to create total probability or area under the curve, equal to 1. If $w\left(x\right)$ is constant term, then $f^w\left(x\right)=f\left(x\right)$ .

The Lindley distribution introduced with two parameters by Shanker et al. (2013) [1] by taking into account the survival and waiting time data. In Lindley exponential distribution Bhatti and Malik (2014) [2] studied its mathematical properties and checked its flexibility by using real data set. Due to one parameter of Lindley distribution, Zakerzadeh and Dolati (2009) [3] stated that it does not support for the better analysis of life time data they provide family of distribution with three parameters which is more flexible for modeling of life time data. The geometric Lindley was extended by Mervociand Elbatal (2013) [4] into a new model called transmuted geometric Lindley. Lindley distribution and exponential distribution was compared by Ghitany et al. (2008) [5] in which it is concluded that model provide effective conclusion and they also check the flexibility of their properties. Poisson Lindley distribution was enlarged by Borah and Deka Nath (2001) [6] with further study called inflated Poisson Lindley distribution. Ghitany et al. (2007) [7] came up with a comparison of two models and showed that Lindley distribution provide effective model than exponential distribution. Whereas Ghitany et al. (2008) [8] examined the Poisson Lindley distribution to model count data, as well as Ghitany et al. (2008) [9] aims their study for data does not include zero counts, since Zakerzadeh and Dolati (2009) [10] described generalized form of Lindley distribution with three parameters. Therefore Ghitany et al. (2011) worked on modeling of survival data and introduced a Lindley distribution with two parameters called weighted Lindley distribution although Lord and Geedipally (2011) [11] proposed a new distribution called negative binomial Lindley, contains two parameter for crash count data. Mazcheli and Achcar (2011) [12] worked on competing risk data. Bakouch et al. (2012) [13] proposed extended form of Lindley distribution to model the life time data to check its reliability, failure rate function. Whereas Elbatal et al. (2013) [14] proposed that Lindley distribution is a mixture of both gamma and exponential distribution. Shanker et al. (2013) [15] compared one parameter Lindley distribution with two parameter Lindley distribution. While Wang (2013) [16] introduced a life time distribution with three parameters, although Bhati and Malik (2014) [17] worked at Lindley random variable and bring in to being a new family of distribution for remission times uncensored data of 128 cancer bladder patients. Mervoci and Sharma (2014) [18] extended the Lindley distribution called beta Lindley distribution. Whereas Singh et al. (2014) gave truncated Lindley distribution.

2. Methodology

The moment distributions have random variable x with its weighted function f(x) and normalizing factor is E(x) to make total area is to be 1.

Mathematically,

$g\left(x\right)=\frac{xf\left(x\right)}{E\left(x\right)}$

Some structural properties discussed by using simple algebraic methods whereas some results of primary and size biased density function are compared based on random samples for each density function. For data simulation and calculation of results based on these samples r programming language is used. Both functions are compared based on these results of simulation, for different values of parameter $\theta$ .

1) One parameter Lindley distribution

A one parameter Lindley distribution with parameter θ is defined by its probability density function given as.

$f\left(x;\theta \right)=\frac{{\theta }^2\left(1+x\right){\text{e}}^{-\theta x}}{1+\theta },x>0$ (2)

Plot of probability function of Lindley distribution (see Figure 1 and Table 1)

2) Raw moments

The $r^{th}$ moments about origin of one parameter Lindley distribution is given by Equation (3)

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_r=\frac{r!\left(\theta +r+1\right)}{{\theta }^r\left(1+\theta \right)},r=1,2,3,\cdots$ (3)

Taking $r=1,2,3$ and 4 in this equation the first four moments about origin is obtained as

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_1=\frac{\theta +2}{\theta \left(1+\theta \right)}$

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_2=\frac{2}{{\theta }^2}\left(\frac{\theta +3}{1+\theta }\right)$

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_3=\frac{6}{{\theta }^2}\left(\frac{\theta +4}{1+\theta }\right)$

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_4=\frac{24\left(\theta +5\right)}{{\theta }^4\left(\theta +5\right)}$

3) Moments about mean of one parameter Lindley distribution

Then central moments are obtained as,

${\mu }_1=\frac{\theta +2}{\theta \left(1+\theta \right)}$

${\mu }_2=\frac{\left({\theta }^2+4\theta +2\right)}{{\theta }^2{\left(\theta +1\right)}^2}$

${\mu }_3=\frac{2\left({\theta }^3+6{\theta }^2+6\theta +2\right)}{{\theta }^3{\left(\theta +1\right)}^3}$

${\mu }_4=\frac{3\left(3{\theta }^4+24{\theta }^3+44{\theta }^2+32\theta +8\right)}{{\theta }^4{\left(\theta +1\right)}^4}$

4) Cumulative distribution function of Lindley distribution

Cdf of the Lindley distribution is given by Equation (4)

$F\left(x\right)={\displaystyle {\int }_0^{x}f\left(x\right)\text{d}\left(x\right)}$

${\displaystyle {\int }_0^x\frac{{\theta }^2\left(1+x\right){\text{e}}^{-\theta x}}{1+\theta }\text{d}\left(x\right)}$

This gives,

$F\left(x\right)=1-{\text{e}}^{-\theta x}\left[1+\frac{\theta x}{1+\theta }\right]$ (4)

Plot of cumulative distribution function of Lindley distribution (see Figure 2)

5) Moment generating function of Lindley distribution

$M_{x\left(t\right)}=\frac{{\theta }^2\left(1-t+\theta \right)}{\left(1+\theta \right){\left(t+\theta \right)}^2}$

6) Characteristic generating function of Lindley distribution

$M_{x\left(it\right)}=\frac{{\theta }^2}{1+\theta }\frac{\left(\theta -it+1\right)}{{\left(it-\theta \right)}^2}$

7) Skewness, Kurtosis and Coefficient of variation of Lindley distribution (see Table 2)

$\text{Skewness}=\frac{2\left({\theta }^3+6{\theta }^2+6\theta +2\right)}{{\left({\theta }^2+4\theta +2\right)}^{3/2}}$

$\text{Kurtosis}=\frac{3\left(3{\theta }^4+24{\theta }^3+44{\theta }^2+32\theta +8\right)}{{\left({\theta }^2+4\theta +2\right)}^2}$

$\text{C}\text{.V}=\frac{\sqrt{{\theta }^2+4\theta +2}}{\theta +2}$

8) Size biased Lindley distribution

The probability density function of size biased Lindley distribution is given as

$f^x\left(x,\theta \right)=g\left(x\right)=\frac{xf\left(x,\theta \right)}{E\left(x\right)}$

$\Rightarrow g\left(x;\theta \right)=\frac{{\theta }^{3}x\left(1+x\right){\text{e}}^{-\theta x}}{2+\theta },x>0$ (5)

Plot of probability function of size biased Lindley distribution (see Figure 3)

9) Raw moments of size biased Lindley distribution

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_r=\frac{{\theta }^2}{{\theta }^{r+2}}\left[\left(r+1\right)!\left(\theta +r+2\right)\right]$ (6)

Taking $r=1,2,3$ and 4 in this equation the first four moments about origin is obtained as

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_1=\frac{2\left(\theta +3\right)}{\theta \left(\theta +2\right)}$

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_2=\frac{6\left(\theta +4\right)}{{\theta }^2\left(\theta +2\right)}$

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_3=\frac{24\left(\theta +5\right)}{{\theta }^3\left(\theta +2\right)}$

${{\mu }^{\prime }}_4=\frac{120\left(\theta +6\right)}{{\theta }^4\left(\theta +2\right)}$

10) Moments about mean of size biased Lindley distribution (see Table 3)

Central moments of size biased Lindley distribution are obtained as:

${\mu }_1=\frac{2\left(\theta +3\right)}{\theta \left(\theta +2\right)}$

${\mu }_2=\frac{2\left({\theta }^2+6\theta +6\right)}{{\theta }^2{\left(\theta +2\right)}^2}$

${\mu }_3=\frac{4\left({\theta }^3+9{\theta }^2+180\theta +12\right)}{{\theta }^3{\left(\theta +2\right)}^3}$

${\mu }_4=\frac{24\left({\theta }^4+12{\theta }^3+42{\theta }^2+60\theta +30\right)}{{\theta }^4{\left(\theta +2\right)}^4}$

11) Cumulative distribution function of size biased Lindley distribution

Cdf of size biased Lindley distribution is given by,

$G\left(x\right)={\displaystyle {\int }_0^{x}g\left(x\right)\text{d}\left(x\right)}$

$G\left(x\right)={\displaystyle {\int }_0^x\frac{{\theta }^{3}x\left(1+x\right){\text{e}}^{-\theta x}}{2+\theta }\text{d}\left(x\right)}$

$G\left(x\right)=\frac{{\theta }^3}{2+\theta }{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{x}x\left(1+x\right){\text{e}}^{-\theta x}\text{d}\left(x\right)}$

This gives

$G\left(x\right)=\frac{2-2{\text{e}}^{-\theta x}-\left(2+x\theta \right)+\theta \left(1-{\text{e}}^{-\theta x}\left(1+x\theta \right)\right)}{\theta +2}$ (7)

Please see Figure 4:

12) Moment generating function of size biased Lindley distribution

$\text{M}\text{.G}\text{.F}=\frac{\left(-2+t-\theta \right){\theta }^3}{\left(t-{\theta }^3\right)\left(\theta +2\right)}$

13) Characteristics generating function of size biased Lindley distribution

$\text{C}\text{.F}=\frac{\left(-2+it-\theta \right){\theta }^3}{\left(it-{\theta }^3\right)\left(\theta +2\right)}$

14) Skewness, Kurtosis and Coefficient of variation of size biased Lindley distribution (see Table 4).

$\text{Skewness}=\sqrt{{\beta }_1}=\frac{4\left({\theta }^3+9{\theta }^2+18\theta +12\right)}{{\left\{2\left({\theta }^2+6\theta +6\right)\right\}}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$

$\text{Kurtosis}={\beta }_2=\frac{24\left({\theta }^4+12{\theta }^3+42{\theta }^2+60\theta +30\right)}{{\left\{2\left({\theta }^2+6\theta +6\right)\right\}}^2}$

$\text{C}\text{.V}=\frac{\delta }{{{\mu }^{\prime }}_1}=\frac{\sqrt{2\left({\theta }^2+6\theta +6\right)}}{2\left(\theta +3\right)}$

15) Survival function of size biased Lindley distribution

$S\left(t\right)=\frac{{\text{e}}^{-\theta t}}{\theta +2}\left[\theta +2-t{\theta }^2+2t\theta +t^2{\theta }^2\right]$

16) Hazard function of size biased Lindley distribution

$H\left(t\right)=\frac{{\theta }^{3}t\left(1+t\right)}{\theta +2-t{\theta }^2+2\theta t+t^2{\theta }^2}$

Table 5 and Table 6 show some results of original and size biased Lindley distribution respectively which are based on random samples that are generated for different values of the parameter θ. Each sample is based on 10,000 observations.

By comparing the results in above tables, it is noted that mean, median, and standard deviation all these measures are greater in magnitude for size biased distribution as compared to actual distribution for respective values of parameter.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References