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[en] To better reflect real-world emissions of harmful exhaust, substances from light-duty vehicles, the WLTP cycle (World Light Test Procedure) was introduced in laboratory tests. This article discusses that test and conditions for its implementation in the context hitherto in force of the NEDC cycle (New European Driving Cycle). The article presents results of emission tests of two vehicles: one hybrid (electric motor + spark ignition combustion engine) and the other with an internal combustion engine with similar rated powers in the above-mentioned WLTP cycle. Reference is made mainly to the gaseous pollutant road emissions, i.e.: CO, CO₂, THC, NO_X. A comparison of the above emission with the one obtained for both vehicles in the NEDC cycle was also made. (paper)

[en] The act on electromobility and alternative fuels is directed, as the name suggests, on the development of electromobility in Poland, i.e. the development of primarily BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) as well as public transport buses with such drive. However, it also applies to methane fuels, i.e. mainly CNG or LNG. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the above-mentioned fuels, the number of vehicles with engines fuelled with these fuels in the country in the context of the situation in other European countries, and the refuelling infrastructure for the vehicles in question in the country was also changed in the context of existing in other European countries. The examples present emission advantages and disadvantages in the aforesaid vehicles, also taking into account the results of own tests in real traffic conditions. (paper)

[en] Electrical resistivities for Ho(Fe_1-xCo_x)₂ C15 Laves phases were measured in a wide temperature region (13-1000 K) and the residual, phonon and magnetic resistivities contributing to them were separated. Moreover, the parameters characterizing resistivity dependence on temperature and composition, including the Debye temperature, were determined. The differential of the magnetic part of electrical resistivity against temperature was used to estimate Curie temperatures. The Curie temperature changes approximately parabolically, increases with x, reaches a maximum at x = 0.3 and then strongly decreases for higher x values. Some results of 3d and 4s electronic band structure, calculated using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method, are presented. A distribution function for the densities of states is introduced, and a way of defining 3d and 4s band half-widths as well as band splitting energy is proposed. The calculated 3d and 4s band splitting energies for Fe, Co and stoichiometrically weighted transition metal M are presented. A simple statistical-type formula describing the Curie temperature of Ho(Fe_1-xCo_x)₂ intermetallics related to FLAPW results is proposed. (paper)

[en] Synthesized, x-ray studied Ho(Fe_1-xCo_x)₂ compounds (x= 0-1) have a pure cubic Fd3m, C15, MgCu₂-type crystal phase. The unit cell parameter decreases nonlinearly with the composition parameter x. Moessbauer effect spectra collected at 77 K for the Ho(Fe_1-xCo_x)₂ series were composed of a number of locally originated subspectra due to random Fe/Co nearest neighbourhoods. Hyperfine interaction parameters, i.e. the isomer shift, the magnetic hyperfine field and the quadrupole interaction parameter, were determined from the fitting procedure of the spectra for the individual nearest neighbourhoods and also as average values for the sample as bulk. As a result of Fe/Co substitution, Slater-Pauling-type dependences for magnetic hyperfine fields corresponding to both the local area and the sample as bulk were observed. A correlation between the local magnetic hyperfine fields and the average magnetic hyperfine fields was noticed, and this was related to weak and strong ferromagnetism of the transition metal sublattice. The obtained magnetic hyperfine fields were compared to analogous data known for compounds with other rare earths. A numerical formula for describing the magnetic hyperfine field as a function of the composition parameter x and rare earth spin S was proposed.

[en] ⁵⁷Fe Moessbauer effect spectra were collected at 4.2 K for the Ho(Fe_1-xCo_x)₂ C15 Laves phases. The hyperfine interaction parameters, i.e. isomer shift, the magnetic hyperfine field and the quadrupole interaction parameter, were determined for the individual Fe/Co nearest neighbourhoods of iron atoms and also as average values for the sample as bulk. As a result of Fe/Co substitution, Slater-Pauling-type dependences for magnetic hyperfine fields corresponding to both the local area and the sample as bulk were observed, and a linear correlation between the local magnetic hyperfine field and the average magnetic hyperfine field was observed. Magnetic moments of atoms were obtained from band structure calculations using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method. The magnetic hyperfine field obtained from the experiment correlates linearly (but separately for weak and strong ferromagnetic areas) with the magnetic moment calculated per transition metal atom.

[en] In order to produce short pulsed electron beam of 17.5 GeV energy, the XFEL linear accelerator is being built at DESY in Hamburg. Before being installed in the accelerator tunnel, 103 accelerator modules have to be tested in Accelerator Module Test Facility (AMTF). Cavities and cryomodules are tested at two vertical cryostats and three horizontal test benches. Two valve boxes and a liquid helium (LHe) storage tank are installed to enable cryogenic operation of AMTF. This paper describes our experience of three years cryogenic operation of AMTF. All 800 cavities and almost all cryomodules have been tested. The test results and lessons learned are also summarized (paper)

[en] Synthesis of Ho(Fe_1-xCo_x)₂ intermetallic compounds, studies of their crystal structure and ⁵⁷Fe Moessbauer effect analysis were carried out at 295 K. X-ray measurements evidence a pure cubic Fd3m, C15, MgCu₂-type Laves phase. The unit cell parameter decreases non-linearly with composition parameter x. Moessbauer effect spectra for the Ho(Fe_1-xCo_x)₂ series were composed of a number of locally originated subspectra due to random Fe/Co nearest neighbourhoods. Hyperfine interaction parameters, i.e. isomer shift, the magnetic hyperfine field and a quadrupole interaction parameter were determined from the fitting procedure of the spectra, for both the individual nearest neighbourhoods, and for the sample as bulk. As a consequence of Fe/Co substitution a Slater-Pauling type curve for the average magnetic hyperfine field vs. x is observed. The correlation between the local magnetic hyperfine fields and the average magnetic hyperfine fields is related to weak and strong ferromagnetism of the transition metal sublattice. (authors)

[en] From X-ray analysis (295 K) it was found that the cubic, MgCu₂-type, Fd3m crystal structure appears across the Gd(Fe_1-x Co_x)₂ series. Electrical resistivity measurements for the Gd(Fe_1-x Co_x)₂ intermetallics were performed in a wide temperature region and the parameters characterizing the resistivity dependence on temperature and composition were determined. The differential of the electrical resistivity against temperature was used to estimate Curie temperatures. The Curie temperature versus x, high and moderately increasing in the iron-rich area, rapidly drops in the cobalt-rich region. The obtained results are compared with the data known for the Dy(Fe_1-x Co_x)₂ series. The Curie temperature is related to both the number of 3d electrons and the de Gennes factor