[en] Bulk zirconia undergoes a pressure-induced transformation from a (low pressure) monoclinic phase to a high pressure tetragonal phase, at around 3GPa (above 900K). The authors have studied the structures of zirconia nanoparticles formed by plasma-spraying an organo-metallic precursor. Inspection of the particles in the TEM reveals that they adopt one of two distinct crystal structures, depending upon their size. The smallest particles have the tetragonal structure, while larger ones are monoclinic. Interpolation of the data reveals a critical size above which the monoclinic structure is stable. Upon annealing, the zirconia particles coarsen and the small tetragonal particles transform to the monoclinic structure at about the critical size. Coarsening under these conditions produces irregular particle size distributions. The authors estimate that the surface-stress induced internal pressure in the tetragonal nanoparticles can be as high as 5 GPa and the corresponding surface stress is about 6N/m

[en] Tungsten samples were exposed to combined steady state and edge localised mode transient replication experiments in a linear plasma device; either in combined hydrogen plasma and high powered laser exposures at Magnum-PSI or steady state hydrogen plasma and superimposed plasma pulses created using a capacitor bank in Pilot-PSI. With each transient the surface temperature of the sample was elevated above the melting point creating a shallow molten layer. An apparent heat transport reduction in the near surface layer increases as a function of pulse number. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the samples shows large scale grain enlargement down to several hundred to thousand micrometers below the surface as well as melt layer motion due to evaporative recoil from the molten surface. In the ITER divertor this would lead to severe embrittlement and enhanced erosion of the tungsten surface leading to reduced lifetimes for the plasma facing material. (paper)

[en] The performance of the full-W ITER divertor may be significantly affected by the interplay between steady-state plasma exposure and transient events. To address this issue, the effect of a high-flux H plasma on the thermal shock response of W to ELM-like transients has been investigated. Transient heating of W targets is performed by means of a high-power Nd:YAG laser with simultaneous exposure to H plasma in the linear device Magnum-PSI. The effects of simultaneous exposure to laser and plasma have been compared to those sequentially and to laser only. Transient melting is found to be aggravated during plasma exposure and to occur at lower heat flux parameters. Roughness and grain growth are observed to be driven by peak temperature, rather than by the loading conditions. The temperature evolution of the W surface under a series of transients is recorded by fast infrared thermography. By accounting for changes in the reflectivity at the damaged surface as measured by ellipsometry, a reduction in power handling capabilities of the laser/plasma affected W is concluded. The evidence of reduced power handling of the W surface under conditions as described here is of great concern with respect to the durability of W PFCs for application in fusion devices. (paper)

[en] The thermal shock behaviour of tungsten exposed to high-flux plasma is studied using a high-power laser. The cases of laser-only, sequential laser and hydrogen (H) plasma and simultaneous laser plus H plasma exposure are studied. H plasma exposure leads to an embrittlement of the material and the appearance of a crack network originating from the centre of the laser spot. Under simultaneous loading, significant surface melting is observed. In general, H plasma exposure lowers the heat flux parameter (F_H_F) for the onset of surface melting by ∼25%. In the case of He-modified (fuzzy) surfaces, strong surface deformations are observed already after 1000 laser pulses at moderate F_H_F = 19 MJ m"−"2 s"−"1"/"2, and a dense network of fine cracks is observed. These results indicate that high-fluence ITER-like plasma exposure influences the thermal shock properties of tungsten, lowering the permissible transient energy density beyond which macroscopic surface modifications begin to occur