[en] The gamma visor contains camera obscura with a hole 1.5 mm in diameter, scintillator< electron-optical transformer and and others. Examples of gammavisor application for examination of nuclear reactor contaminated equipment are presented

[en] The analysis of radionuclide behavior in soils of different sorption complex in the presence of soil moisture 60 - 100 % was made in Khojniki, Gomel' region. In results of experiments with Cs 137 and Sr 90 it was ascertained the fact of decreasing of specific activity in interstitial water by radionuclides in accordance with increasing of soil moisture

[en] The mobility of Cs 137 and Sr 90 in the system 'solid phase of soil - soil solution' is analyzed for different soil types on the basis of coefficients of radionuclide distribution between solid and liquid phases. The values for received distribution coefficients allow to differentiate soils in respect with radionuclide migration rate from the solid phase to the soil solution

[en] Peculiarities of Kurchatov Institute WWR-2 and TR research reactors spent fuel treating and transportation for radiochemical processing are stated. Spent fuels were performed as fuel assemblies of different forms and containing similar fuel elements: EhK-10 with 10% enrichment UO₂-Mg fuel kernels or S-36 with 36% enrichment U-Al alloys. Spent fuel storage conditions are described. Features of developed procedures for identification of fuel assemblies by type of fuel elements are given. Transport package TUK-19 for loading and transportation of spent fuel for processing was chosen. Details of spent fuel loading in TUK-19 that is conducted by personnel under protective sheet of water in special reclaim volume are described

[en] A sampling method is a traditional means of determining basic quantitative characteristics and parameters of distribution of radionuclides in a medium. In particular, this method is used to examine soil contaminated as a result of global or accidental fallout. In certain situations, however, the sampling method is hardly practicable. For example, concrete settlers are used for temporary storage of liquid radioactive waste (RW). In the course of the storage radionuclides enter the concrete. A similar situation may occur when solid RW is kept in rooms (storage vaults) with concrete walls and coatings. Upon discharge of the RW it is often necessary to remove an upper layer of concrete that contains radionuclides, therefore it is desirable to have preliminary information on thickness of a layer to be removed. If the sampling method is used for radionuclide content analysis in this case, additional special equipment shall be employed which makes the analysis quite labour intensive. There are field radiometric methods of determining characteristics of soil and bottom deposit contamination that allow evaluating surface activity of radionuclides and thickness of the upper layer of soil that contains more than 80% of the total activity, and establishing some other distinctive features of radionuclide distribution in a medium. (author)

[en] A variety of special radiation measurement problems arise in planning and performance of rehabilitation activities at the radwaste disposal site (RWDS), including acquisition and refinement of data on composition, location and activity of radwaste (RW) in the old repositories, evaluation of activity of radwaste to be removed, measurement of radioactive contamination of repository structures and soil, monitoring of dose rates [1]. The old repositories are characterized by nonuniform RW distribution over the repository volume. The radwaste in the old repositories are mixed with soil, concrete and other materials. A number of new instruments and systems were developed to conduct the necessary measurements. New instruments with collimated scintillation detectors operating both in current and spectrometry modes were developed for measurements of the distribution of the RW specific activity over layers in the old repositories. The measurements are taken in exploratory wells that are drilled in the old repositories prior to their opening. The technique of specific activity measurements with collimated detectors was used when examining radioactive contamination of soil in a number of Russian contaminated territories and demonstrated a good agreement with results of sampling performed at the same time. (author)

[en] When carrying out the decommissioning of nuclear facilities is necessary to measure the distribution of radioactive contamination in the rooms and the equipment at high levels of background radiation. In the decommissioning of the reactor in the MR NRC 'Kurchatov Institute' for such problems is developed and applied a few special systems with remote control. For a survey of high-level objects used mounted on the robot radiometric system. To determine the composition of pollutants and use a portable collimated spectrometric system. To obtain a detailed distribution of contamination of used remote-controlled gamma camera. (authors)

No abstract available

[en] The authors present a description and results of the operation for γ-ray and X-ray objects for the compact visualization system high-energy radiation visualizer (HERV). The imaging in this system is based on use of a conical collimator, scintillator plate, and image intensifier as a detector and CCD matrix as a readout device. The use of HERV as a two-dimensional X-ray image visualizer for the Compton scatter inspection system was considered and first results are discussed. The possibility of using different hexagonal-coded apertures imaging for HERV is discussed and results of Monte Carlo simulation and experiments with optical analog of coded aperture are presented

[en] In the world the most widespread method of soil decontamination consists of removing the contaminated upper layer and sending it for long-term controlled storage. However, implementation of this soil cleanup method for remediation of large contaminated areas would involve high material and financial expenditures, because it produces large amounts of radioactive waste demanding removal to special storage sites. Contaminated soil extraction and cleanup performed right on the spot of remediation activities represents a more advanced and economically acceptable method. Radiological separation of the radioactive soil allows reducing of amount of radwaste. Studies performed during the liquidation of the Chernobyl accident consequences revealed that a considerable fraction of radioactivity is accumulated in minute soil grains. So, the separation of contaminated soil by size fractions makes it possible to extract and concentrate the major share of radioactivity in the fine fraction. Based on these researches water gravity separation technology was proposed by Bochvar Institute. The method extracts the fine fraction from contaminated soil. Studies carried out by Bochvar Institute experts showed that, together with the fine fraction (amounting to 10-20% of the initial soil), this technology can remove up to 85-90% of contaminating radionuclides. The resulting 'dirty' soil fraction could be packaged into containers and removed as radwaste, and decontaminated fractions returned back to their extraction site. Use of radiological and water gravity separations consequently increases the productivity of decontamination facility. Efficiency of this technology applied for contaminated soil cleanup was confirmed in the course of remediation of the contaminated territories near decommissioning research reactor in the Kurchatov Institute. For soil cleaning purposes, a special facility implementing the technology of water gravity separation and radiometric monitoring of soil decontamination products has been built and used on the site. This facility has processed over 10000 m³ of contaminated soil, including 1800 m³ sent for long-term storage as radwaste. In the remediation process, dedicated spectrometry and radiometry devices -in particular, the gamma locator and the 'RCG-09N' radiometer -were widely used, along with traditional dosimetric means, for characterizing the soil contamination and monitoring its distribution. Use of this spectrometric and radiometric equipment made it possible not only to successfully detect the contaminated soil spots and assess their surface contamination, but also to minimize the amount of extracted soil to be sent to soil cleanup facility. In addition, their use allowed remediation works to be monitored online on the spot, thus assuring exposure control and preventing unnecessary irradiation of personnel. (authors)