[en] The nonsinglet axial anomaly is calculated by employing Schwinger's point-splitting regularization of the interaction between fermions and a non-Abelian gauge field. This method makes it possible to obtain a covariant expression for the anomaly directly from the effective action for the gauge field. Previously, the anomaly under study was calculated by many other methods. However, all calculations based on the point-splitting regularization (from the pioneering study of Bardeen in 1969) involve a number of intermediate steps and subtractions of specially chosen polynomials in the field

[en] Consequences of the hypothesis that the Sp(pn/2) symplectic group is a broken gauge group of (n) lepton flavors are considered. An invariant Majorana mass is impossible in Sp(pn/2). A dynamical spontaneous breaking of Sp(pn/2) is admissible only if the number of flavors is n = 6and if, simultaneously, parity (R,L symmetry) violation occurs. The action of the seesaw mechanism generates here three light and three heavy Dirac neutrinos. The disregard of heavy particles in an R,L-symmetric system of weak and electromagnetic interactions (R + L vector currents) leads to a theory featuring parity nonconservation and axial anomalies. Only a weak left-handed (L) and a total (R + L) electromagnetic current do not have anomalies and remain independent of high-mass physics. These are precisely Standard Model currents.

[en] The symplectic group Sp(n/2) of invariance of flavors of n Majorana states (n is even) does not admit the existence of invariant Majorana masses. Only a specific mass matrix involving diagonal and off-diagonal elements is possible. A mass matrix as a result of spontaneous flavor- and chiral-symmetry breaking may appear here only in the case where the number of flavors is n = 6 and only together with spontaneous R- and L-symmetry violation-that is, parity violation. As a result, three light and three heavy Dirac particles (neutrinos) are present if the seesaw mechanism is operative. Special features of the observed spectrum of light neutrinos-in particular, the fact that two states are far off the third one-can be explained by simple properties of the mass matrices arising in Sp(3). The arrangement of states corresponds to an ordinary mass hierarchy. The mixing angles for physical neutrinos cannot be determined without understanding the mechanisms responsible for the formation of the charged-lepton spectrum and the weak current of Majorana states.

[en] Spontaneously broken mirror symmetry is able to reproduce observed qualitative properties of weak mixing for quark and leptons. Under conditions of broken mirror symmetry, the phenomenology of leptons—that is, small neutrino masses and a mixing character other than that in the case of quarks—requires the Dirac character of the neutrinos and the existence of processes violating the total lepton number. Such processes involve heavy mirror neutrinos; that is, they proceed at very high energies. Here, CP violation implies that a P-even mirror-symmetric Lagrangian must simultaneously be T-odd and, according to the CPT theorem, C-odd. All these properties create preconditions for the occurrence of leptogenesis, which is a mechanism of the emergence of the baryon–lepton asymmetry of the universe in models featuring broken mirror symmetry.

[en] The mechanism of broken mirror symmetry may be the reason behind the appearance of the observed weak-mixing matrix for leptons that has a structure involving virtually no visible regularities (flavor riddle). Special features of the Standard Model such as the particle-mass hierarchy and the neutrino spectrum deviating from the hierarchy prove here to be necessary conditions for reproducing a structure of this type. The inverse character of the neutrino spectrum and a small value of the mass m₃ are also mandatory. The smallness of the angle θ₁₃ is due precisely to the smallness of the mass ratios in the hierarchical lepton spectrum. The emergence of distinctions between the neutrino spectrum and the spectra of other Standard Model fermions is explained. The inverse character of the neutrino spectrum and the observed value of θ₁₃ make it possible to estimate the absolute values of their masses as m₁ ≈ m₂ ≈ 0.05 eV and m₃ ≈ 0.01 eV.

[en] Data from the LHCb experiments are indicative of a substantial distinction between the B → K (or K*) + e⁺e⁻ and B → K (or K*) + μ⁺μ⁻ branching ratios (April 2017). The branching ratio for the e+e− channel is substantially greater than that for the μ⁺μ⁻ channel, whereas Standard Model (SM) calculations require that they be equal to each other. The above distinction may suggest the existence of a new interaction changing generations and discriminating between leptons that has couplings that are much greater than and are inverse in strength to the SM fermion couplings to the Higgs boson. Under conditions of spontaneously violated mirror symmetry, the coupling of SM particles to the second Higgs scalar that is inevitably present there and which is in principle heavy possesses precisely these properties. An inverse character of this coupling and its strength are not an additional hypothesis but a necessary condition for qualitatively reproducing, in addition, the observed charged-lepton mass hierarchy and the structure of weak lepton mixing—the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata (PMNS) matrix. Within the mirror model being considered, all properties of the new interaction, including its inverse character, are due to the hierarchical character of the quark and charged-lepton mass spectrum.

[en] The existence of heavy mirror analogs of ordinary fermions would provide deeper insight into the gedanken paradox appearing in the Standard Model upon direct parity violation and consisting in a physical distinguishability of left- and right-hand coordinate frames. Arguments are presented in support of the statement that such mirror states may also be involved in the formation of observed properties of the system of Standard Model quarks and leptons—that is, their mass spectra and their weak-mixing matrices: (i) In the case of the involvement of mirror generations, the quark mixing matrix assumes the experimentally observed form. It is determined by the constraints imposed by weak SU(2) symmetry and by the quark-mass hierarchy. (ii) Under the same conditions and upon the involvement of mirror particles, the lepton mixing matrix (neutrino mixing) may become drastically different from its quark analog—the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix; that is, it may acquire properties suggested by experimental data. This character of mixing is also indicative of an inverse mass spectrum of Standard Model neutrinos and their Dirac (not Majorana) nature

[en] Heavy quarks of mass much greater than the Higgs boson (H) mass have virtually no effect on the cross section for Higgs boson production at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A mechanism that is responsible for the appearance of the respective small factors is presented, and their meaning is clarified. It appears that they precisely correspond to a simple quantum-mechanical picture of the H-production process.

[en] The seesaw mechanism, which explains the smallness of the neutrino masses by the involvement of high Majorana masses, leads to particles of the same Majorana nature and to a direct violation of the lepton number. A seesaw version entailing the appearance of only Dirac neutrinos subjected to the same kind of violation is proposed. Such a situation seems possible for heavy neutrinos coupled nonperturbatively to the Higgs boson $H$. It is required for mirror neutrinos in a model that explains the structure of the quark and lepton weak-mixing matrices by the existence of very heavy mirror neutrinos analogous to Standard Model fermions. A nonperturbative character of the problem being discussed prevents the construction of an analytic solution to it, but the conditions deduced for this problem are indicative of a preferable appearance of precisely Dirac neutrinos within this mechanism. The phenomenon under discussion may be of importance for leptogenesis processes if all neutrinos are Dirac particles.

[en] To develop of both test-systems for rapid detection and identification of B. anthracis spores and a new subunit vaccine the antigens on the spore surface should be characterized. Exosporium consists of two layers-basal and peripheral and has been form by protein, amino- and neutral polysaccharides, lipids and ash. Number of anthrax exosporium proteins was described and identified: glycoprotein BclA, BclB, alanine racemase, inosine hydrolase, glycosyl hydrolase, superoxid dismutase, ExsF, ExsY, ExsK,CotB,CotY and SoaA. So far no glycosylated proteins other then highly immunogenic glycoproteins BclA, BclB were detected in the B. anthracis spore extract although several exosporium-specific glycoprotein have been described in other members of the B.cereus family- B. thuringiensis and B. cereus. Although EA1 protein originally described as main component of S-layer from vegetative cells he can regular observed in different exosporium preparations and additionally some anti- EA1 monoclonal antibodies able to recognize spore surface. We have revealed that EA1 isolated from spore of Russians strain STI-1contain carbohydrate which determine immunogenicity of this antigen. Because some time ago we have found that exosporium protein's pattern variable among B. anthracis strains we investigated exosporium from spore of different strains of B. anthracis including STI-1, Ames, Stern and others. We have comparative characterized antigens by using Western Blotting, Two-Dimensional electrophoresis and Mass Spec analysis. The results of analysis will be presented and discussed.(author)