[en] After some introducing texts and a presentation of the competition (community data collection, data provided by collectivities, sectors addressed by the analysis, candidate assessment), this document presents a synthesis of reports provided by candidates to the WWF Earth Hour City Challenge (stakes and difficulties of greenhouse gas emission assessment for communities, study scope, case of indirect emissions, data availability). Then for the different French candidates (Lille European Metropole, Lyons Metropole, Nantes Metropole, Besancon, Grenoble, Paris), the publication presents the main characteristics and data, and brief presentations of implemented solutions to face climate challenges, and actions in the fields of energy, housing and transports. Some foreign examples are also briefly mentioned (Evanston, Petaling Jaya in Malaysia, Monteria in Columbia, Singapore, Goeteborg, and Seoul)

[en] The POLIS project invites local authorities in different states of urban development to collaborate with each other in order to share their experiences and knowledge of solar town planning. Within the framework of POLIS project, six European cities (Lyon and Paris in France, Munich in Germany, Lisbon in Portugal, Malmoe in Sweden and Vitoria-Gasteiz in Spain) have committed on long-term strategies to integrate solar energy at urban level that are consistent with existing CO₂ mitigation targets in solar Action Plans embedded in local planning. Although the cities are in different situations regarding solar energy so that their strategies are also different, a common objective is shared, namely, to steer the future development of solar energy with respect to urban planning by: the assessment of existing climate strategies and targets at city levels, the evaluation of solar potential in city areas, the development of solar targets and the definition of possible measures in diverse planning areas connected to general renewable energy targets. In this report an overview of POLIS cities long-term solar targets is presented. These targets have been established in solar Action Plans defined by Local Working Groups composed by municipalities and technical partners of POLIS project. More information about the solar Action Plans can be found in the report 'Deliverable 4: Action Plans in POLIS cities'

[en] The POLIS project invites local authorities in different states of urban development to collaborate with each other in order to share their experiences and knowledge of solar town planning. Within the framework of POLIS project, six European cities (Lyon and Paris in France, Munich in Germany, Lisbon in Portugal, Malmoe in Sweden and Vitoria-Gasteiz in Spain) have committed on long-term strategies to integrate solar energy at urban level that are consistent with existing CO₂ mitigation targets in solar Action Plans embedded in local planning. Although the cities are in different situations regarding solar energy so that their strategies are also different, a common objective is shared, namely, to steer the future development of solar energy with respect to urban planning by: the assessment of existing climate strategies and targets at city levels, the evaluation of solar potential in city areas, the development of solar targets and the definition of possible measures in diverse planning areas connected to general renewable energy targets. In this report a compilation of the solar Action Plans of POLIS cities is presented. These Action Plans have been developed by Local Working Groups composed by municipalities and technical partners of POLIS project through a series of workshops and meetings, using information about the existing local background in terms of energy supply, user behaviour, urban structures, building typologies, solar actions and measures, urban planning practices regarding solar, etc. Each city has then defined long-term solar targets and identified main areas of interest (focus areas), relevant stakeholders for the implementation of solar energy in connection with urban approaches (target groups) and short-term measures to support the upgrade of solar energy and reach the proposed targets. These measures have been classified in the following categories: 1. Large-scale identification of solar potential and definition of priorities (planning instruments); 2. Accomplishment of activities to mobilize solar potentials (campaigns, subsidy programs, local policies, information workshops, cooperation with existing programs, etc); 3. Development and realization of solar urban planning measures (in new developments or existing areas); 4. Development and realization of political or legislative measures (for example, introduction of a solar ordinance for new or existing buildings). Of all short-term measures, some of them have been identified by the municipalities as priority 'Pilot Actions' that will be implemented within POLIS project. Overall, 61 short-term measures have been defined, of which almost 1/3 (19 measures) are priority 'Pilot Actions' that cover the 4 defined categories. Complementary information of the solar Action Plans can be found in other POLIS reports. Particularly, Deliverable 6 presents the local conditions of participating cities, Deliverable 7 gives an overview of their long-term solar targets and Deliverable 5 compiles the set of Pilot Actions that will be implemented within POLIS project

[en] The POLIS project invites local authorities in different states of urban development to collaborate with each other in order to share their experiences and knowledge of solar town planning. Within the framework of POLIS project, six European cities (Lyon and Paris in France, Munich in Germany, Lisbon in Portugal, Malmoe in Sweden and Vitoria-Gasteiz in Spain) have committed on long-term strategies to integrate solar energy at urban level that are consistent with existing CO₂ mitigation targets in solar Action Plans embedded in local planning. Although the cities are in different situations regarding solar energy so that their strategies are also different, a common objective is shared, namely, to steer the future development of solar energy with respect to urban planning by: the assessment of existing climate strategies and targets at city levels, the evaluation of solar potential in city areas, the development of solar targets and the definition of possible measures in diverse planning areas connected to general renewable energy targets. The solar Action Plans, developed by Local Working Groups composed by municipalities and technical partners of the project, have been developed using information about the existing local background. Each city has developed long-term solar targets, as well as identified main areas of interest (focus areas), relevant stakeholders for the implementation of solar energy in connection with urban approaches (target groups) and short-term measures to support the upgrade of solar energy and reach the proposed targets. An overview of the solar Action Plans has been described in the report 'Deliverable 4: Action Plans in POLIS cities', available on the project web-site. Of the 61 short-term measures identified, 19 are considered priority 'Pilot Actions' to be implemented within POLIS project, covering the following categories: 1. Large-scale identification of solar potential and definition of priorities (planning instruments): 8 measures. 2. Accomplishment of activities to mobilize solar potentials (campaigns, subsidy programs, local policies, information workshops, cooperations with existing programs, etc): 6 measures. 3. Development and realization of solar urban planning measures (in new developments or existing areas): 6 measures. 4. Development and realization of political or legislative measures (legislative revisions to introduce solar energy use for new or existing buildings): 1 measure. In this report a compilation and overview of POLIS cities Pilot Actions is presented

[en] The POLIS project invites local authorities in different states of urban development to collaborate with each other in order to share their experiences and knowledge of solar town planning. Within the framework of POLIS project, six European cities (Lyon and Paris in France, Munich in Germany, Lisbon in Portugal, Malmoe in Sweden and Vitoria-Gasteiz in Spain) have committed on long-term strategies to integrate solar energy at urban level that are consistent with existing CO₂ mitigation targets in solar Action Plans embedded in local planning. Although the cities are in different situations regarding solar energy so that their strategies are also different, a common objective is shared, namely, to steer the future development of solar energy with respect to urban planning by: the assessment of existing climate strategies and targets at city levels, the evaluation of solar potential in city areas, the development of solar targets and the definition of possible measures in diverse planning areas connected to general renewable energy targets. In this report an overview of current conditions in POLIS cities is presented, in terms of urban and building structures, energy supply and consumption structure, existing solar actions and measures and urban planning practices regarding solar energy. In addition, an overview of the 19 Pilot Actions identified by the municipalities as priority measures for the long-term development of solar energy is provided

[en] Scientific advances enable the monitoring of urban CO₂ emissions from in situ measurements of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and atmospheric inversion methods based on mesoscale meteorological models. We use the Paris urban area as an example. Atmospheric measurements collected at a network of urban and suburban stations are presented, as well as the results of an atmospheric inversion of the city emissions, and research directions to refine these estimates. The signature of the Covid-19 lockdown measures in the spring 2020 on the urban atmospheric CO₂ signals is presented, indicative of a strong reduction of emissions. (authors)

[en] Adapting to climate change and global change have become vital goals for all societies. These same societies are faced at times with unexpected meteorological phenomena that are becoming increasingly frequent and intense, including flooding, droughts and tornadoes. They are also having to wrestle with rising temperatures and the follow-on effects on the balance of ecosystems, the evolution of species, and animal and plant life, not to mention the development of human populations, their living conditions and social organisation. Although the capacity of ecosystems to adapt or convert has been demonstrated by studies on climate variations over time, the growing pace of some phenomena may well lead to a point of no return. In fact, with the global rise in temperature - caused by human activities in particular - we might already have reached this stage. This book, which consists of some fifty articles by scientists and experts, is unique. It makes us think about what lies behind the notions of adaptation and mal-adaptation, drawing on several disciplines, sectors and regional fields. It also highlights the checks and limitations of adaptation, as well as reflecting and suggesting ways of acting and adjusting. The contributions made to this work serve to reinforce the implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement (2015), especially the COP 23 climate conference (23. Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, 2017), where adaptation, its objectives and financing, are some of the priorities. This book is the result of a partnership between the CNRS and Comite 21. It was jointly edited by Agathe Euzen (deputy scientific director at the CNRS Ecology and Environment Institute); Bettina Laville (state councillor and Comite 21 chair); and Stephanie Thiebault (director of the CNRS Ecology and Environment Institute)

[en] The first guide proposes a presentation of the benefits and limitations of the climate-related assessment of the budget (a tool to be developed, justification of a budget analysis through the prism of climate, presentation of the method, limitations), describes how to assess the budget of a community from the standpoint of climate (principles, scope definition, mitigation methodological guide, general principles of the adaptation methodological guide, results and follow-up to be given to the climate-related assessment of the budget). The second document discusses the peculiarities of adaptation with respect to mitigation, presents the three proposed steps (identification of potentially structuring budget share and expenditures for adaptation, identification of those covered by the adaptation approach of the community, determination of the budget share and expenditures which are actually adapted to take impacts of climate change into account), and briefly presents results of the 'adaptation' assessment. A technical appendix proposes a review of various budgetary items, describes an extra-accounting analysis, and the item assessment, how to assess various lines (building, transport infrastructures, vehicle procurement and maintenance, roads, food, waste management, energy and fuel procurement, energy infrastructures, building and infrastructure maintenance expenditures, and so on), how to perform an additional transverse analysis, and presents some examples of the 'mitigation' process