[en] Atoms of ⁴⁴Ti were prepared using reaction Sc(p,2n) at the parasitic beam of the cyclotron with proton energies of 20 to 25 MeV and an intensity of about 8 μA. The cross section of this reaction attains its maximum at 25 MeV. The original proton beam with 30 MeV energy and 80 μA intensity hit the production target (Tl or Zn) for radiopharmaceuticals at an angle of 1 deg. The parameters of the parasitic beam (protons scattered from the production target) were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation (code GEANT) and verified by experiment using Cu foils. The ⁶³Cu(p,2n)⁶²Zn and ⁶⁵Cu(p,n)⁶⁵Zn reactions were identified by gamma spectroscopy. The optimum position of the Sc foil, giving the highest energy and intensity of the proton beam, was found to be near the production target plane. Scandium foils 2.5 cm x 5 cm x 0.2 mm in size were placed in the cyclotron chamber on a water-cooled holder and exposed for 2 years to obtain approximately 2 x 10¹⁶ atoms of ⁴⁴Ti

[en] Atoms of ⁴⁴Ti were prepared using reaction Sc(p,2n) at the parasitic beam of the cyclotron with proton energies of 20 to 25 MeV and an intensity of about 8 μA. The cross section of this reaction attains its maximum at 25 MeV. The original proton beam with 30 MeV energy and 80 μA intensity hit the production target (Tl or Zn) for radiopharmaceuticals at an angle of 1 deg. The parameters of the parasitic beam (protons scattered from the production target) were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation (code GEANT) and verified by experiment using Cu foils. The ⁶³Cu(p,2n)⁶²Zn and ⁶⁵Cu(p,n)⁶⁵Zn reactions were identified by gamma spectroscopy. The optimum position of the Sc foil, giving the highest energy and intensity of the proton beam, was found to be near the production target plane. Scandium foils 2.5 cm x 5 cm x 0.2 mm in size were placed in the cyclotron chamber on a water-cooled holder and exposed for 2 years to obtain approximately 2 x 10¹⁶ atoms of ⁴⁴Ti

[en] The cyclotron may be used as an important source of radionuclides. Some of those radionuclides may serve for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. Basic information is given relating to various aspects of those compounds. The conditions of distribution, delivery and administration of the radiopharmaceuticals - their indication and use are discussed. Several examples of the importance of logistics are also presented. In addition to the general information on radiopharmaceuticals, the most important cyclotron-produced radionuclides for the purpose of production of radiopharmaceuticals, along with their methods of manufacturing, are listed. The following aspects of the production are dealt with: target technique, technology of radionuclide production, carrier labelling, special conditions of the production, analytical aspects and problems of a timely delivery. Special attention is paid to a most prospective part of radiopharmaceuticals - PET products, their physical principle and logistic aspects

[en] Some of the cyclotron-produced radionuclides may serve as important materials for the production of radiopharmaceuticals. This lecture deals with basic information relating to various aspects of these compounds. In comparison with radionuclides /compounds used for non-medical purposes, radiopharmaceuticals are subject to a broader scale of regulations, both from the safety and efficacy point of view; besides that, there are both radioactive and medical aspects that must be taken into account for any radiopharmaceutical. According to the regulations and in compliance with general rules of work with radioactivity, radiopharmaceuticals should only be prepared/manufactured under special conditions, using special areas and special equipment and applying special procedures (e.g. sterilisation, disinfection, aseptic work). Also, there are special procedures for cleaning and maintenance. Sometimes the requirements for the product safety clash with those for the safety of the personnel; several examples of solutions pertaining to these cases are given in the lecture. Also, the specific role of cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals is discussed. (author)

[en] A project of ⁸¹Rb production and ⁸¹Rb/^81mKr generator manufacturing is described. ⁸¹Rb nuclide is produced on U-120M cyclotron via Kr(p, 2n)Rb reaction using pressurised gaseous target. Generator of a 'dry' type is based on the sorption of ⁸¹Rb on an ion-exchange paper from which the daughter ^81mKr is eluted by air. Parameters of targetry and generator assembly are given. Generator which will be manufactured under pharmaceutical 'clean' conditions is intended for lung ventilation studies in nuclear medicine. (author)

[en] We have designed an internal beam target for ²¹¹At preparation by the most convenient ²⁰⁹Bi(α,2n)²¹¹At reaction on cyclotron U-120M at Nuclear Physics Institute (NPI) in Rez. The target was developed in collaboration with accelerator's department within NPI. The activities obtained are close to the theoretical values for the thick target yields under given conditions. The beam hits the target in tangential direction at small angles what reduces the necessary thickness of the Bi-layer and enables to employ an evaporation technique for its preparation. For the ²¹¹At removal from the target a quartz apparatus placed inside a ceramic oven was designed. The distillation procedure is reliable, relatively fast and efficient. Astatine is collected on a quartz column filled with glass beads, and then eluted by proper agent in order to gain it in desirable chemical form. The temperature gradient in the oven during the distillation results in excellent separation of ²¹⁰Po from ²¹¹At - the data acquired via alpha and gamma spectrometry show the ratio between ²¹⁰Po and ²¹¹At activities to be 2 x 10^-10 and lower at EOB

[en] In the last year, our accelerator laboratory accomplished two new irradiation positions on the U-120M cyclotron facility and a new clean laboratory complex started to be built up at the accelerator building. The Kr target is a tube drilled in a 'soft' aluminum alloy rod. The interior of the tube is coated with a thin Ni layer and the chamber is cooled by water. The surface density of the target gas is 530 mg/cm² of Kr_nat, the starting pressure is 20 atm (NTP). Using this system, 0.5 Ci of ⁸¹Rb (EOB) is produced in one 5-hour's session. The Rb isotopes are dissolved in water containing Rb carrier and the solution is transported to a small hot cell in the cyclotron area. The chemical yield is over 85% of total ⁸¹Rb. The final product is packed and transferred to the clean laboratory, where the generators are manufactured. The generator consists of a supported strip of ion-exchange paper, which is placed into specially designed cartridge. After wetting the strip, the Rb radioactivity is loaded on the paper by slow passing of a portion of Rb solution followed by washing. The efficiency of the Rb retention is higher than 98%. The cartridge is then dried and the generator is packed. The final generator assembly is carefully tested in accordance with the standard quality regulations. The following parameters are declared: 1. biocompatibility of the product, 2. radioactivity of ^81mKr in the gaseous phase, 3. radio-chemical purity of the eluent and 4. tightness of the system. At present, the generator is going to be submitted to the authorities for the certification procedure

[en] This paper deals with some technical aspects of the development and production of cyclotron-made radiopharmaceuticals (excluding PET). In this field, nuclear chemistry and pharmacy are in a close contact; therefore, requirements of the both should be taken into account. The principles of cyclotron targetry, separation/recovery of materials and synthesis of active substances are given, as well as issues connected with formulation of pharmaceutical forms. As the radiopharmaceuticals should fulfil the requirements on in vivo preparations, there exist a variety of demands pertaining to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) concept, which is also briefly discussed. A typical production chain is presented and practical examples of real technologies based on cyclotron-made radionuclides are given as they have been used in Nuclear Physics Institute of CAS (NPI). Special attention is devoted to the technology of enriched cyclotron targets. Frequently used medicinal products employing cyclotron-produced active substances are characterised (Rb/Kr generators, ¹²³I-labelled MIBG, OIH and MAB's). The cyclotron produced radioactive implants for transluminal coronary angioplasty (radioactive stents) are introduced as an example of a medical device developed for therapeutic application. (author)

[en] Some technical aspects of development and production of cyclotron-made radiopharmaceuticals (excluding PET) are discussed. In this field, nuclear chemistry and pharmacy are in a close contact; therefore, requirements of both should be taken into account. The principles of cyclotron targetry, separation/recovery of materials and synthesis of the active substances are given, as well as issues connected with formulation pharmaceutical forms of radioactive medical products. As the radiopharmaceuticals should fulfil the requirements for in vivo preparations, there exist a variety of demands pertaining to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), which is also briefly discussed. A typical production chain is presented involving the treatment of irradiated cyclotron target, choosing and validation of method for pharmacon synthesis, selection or development of necessary analytical procedures, preparing active substance according pharmaceutical standards, development of dosage form, adoption of final technology procedure and opening the clinical trial. Practical examples of real technologies based on cyclotron-made radionuclides (⁸¹Rb, ¹²³I, ⁶⁸Ge, ²¹¹At) are given. Special attention is devoted to the technology of enriched cyclotron targets. Frequently used medicinal products employing some cyclotron-produced active substances are characterised (Rb/Kr or Ge/Ga generators, ¹²³I-labelled MIBG, OIH, MAB's and some others). The cyclotron produced radioactive implants for transluminal coronary angioplasty (radioactive stent) are introduced as an example of a medical device developed for therapeutic application. (author)