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[en] The Reactor Safety Committee (RSK) has issued recommendations for the retrofitting of filtered pressure relief systems (venting systems) for BWR and PWR power plants. These systems should prevent excess pressure failure of the safety containment after postulated core melt-out accidents. The special requirements for the filtered pressure relief for BWR plants (smaller volume of the safety containment and therefore earlier failure in hypothetical accident cases) led to a new development for BWR plants at Kraftwerk Union. (orig.)
[de]
Die Reaktorsicherheitskommission (RSK) hat Empfehlungen fuer die Nachruestung von gefilterten Druckentlastungssystemen (Venting-Systemen) fuer DWR- und SWR-Anlagen ausgesprochen. Diese Systeme sollen nach postulierten Kernschmelzunfaellen ein Ueberdruckversagen des Sicherheitsbehaelters verhindern. Die besonderen Anforderungen an die gefilterte Druckentlastung fuer SWR-Anlagen (kleineres Volumen des Sicherheitsbehaelters und somit frueheres Versagen bei hypothetischen Stoerfaellen) fuehrten bei der Kraftwerk Union fuer die SWR-Anlagen zu einer Neuentwicklung. (orig.)Journal
Siemens Service-Report; ISSN 0176-6910; 
; (no.8); p. 8-12
; (no.8); p. 8-12
[en] The calculation is based on a factorization of fragmentation cross-sections into a projectile-depending and a target-depending part, which was found at Bavalac for high energy C and O ions. With this the known cross-sections for the fragmentation of heavy ions in collision with protons can be extrapolated to heavier targets. Considering the fragmentation and the energy loss of heavy nuclei the energy spectra of individual elements are calculated for different depths of absorber. This energy spectra can easily be converted to LET (linear energy transfer) spectra. The changes of the isotopic composition with absorber depth and its influence on the shape of the LET-spectra are discussed. The calculated results are compared with experimental data. (author)
Journal
Radiation Effects; ISSN 0033-7579; ; v. 34(1-3); p. 143-148
; v. 34(1-3); p. 143-148
[en] Energy spectra of secondary cosmic rays are calculated for aircraft altitudes and a discrete set of solar modulation parameters and rigidity cut-off values covering all possible conditions. The calculations are based on the Monte Carlo code FLUKA and on the most recent information on the interstellar cosmic ray flux including a detailed model of solar modulation. Results are compared to a large variety of experimental data obtained on the ground and aboard aircraft and balloons, such as neutron, proton, and muon spectra and yields of charged particles. Furthermore, particle fluence is converted into ambient dose equivalent and effective dose and the dependence of these quantities on height above sea level, solar modulation, and geographical location is studied. Finally, calculated dose equivalent is compared to results of comprehensive measurements performed aboard aircraft. (author)
Journal
[en] This paper glances at the knowledge of composition and energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays and briefly discusses the mechanism of solar modulation and of shielding against these particles by the earth's magnetic field. A short review of the properties of solar particle events is given, in which particles emitted from the sun enter the atmosphere. Particle production in the earth's atmosphere in hadronic and electromagnetic cascades is described and the altitude variations of the different particle components are investigated. Typical energy spectra in the atmosphere are presented for some types of particles. (author)
Journal
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