[en] Legal and administrative steps and measures on conclusion the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty are discussed

[en] This thesis explores deep inelastic scattering of a lepton beam from a polarized nuclear target with spin J=1. After reviewing the formation for spin-1/2, the structure functions for a spin-1 target are defined in terms of the helicity amplitudes for forward compton scattering. A version of the convolution model, which incorporates relativistic and binding energy corrections is used to calculate the structure functions of a neutron target. A simple parameterization of these structure functions is given in terms of a few neutron wave function parameters and the free nucleon structure functions. This allows for an easy comparison of structure functions calculated using different neutron models. (author)

[en] Majority of the developing countries are facing problem of low supply voltage coupled with shortage of electrical energy. There is a growing concern for ways and means to preserve the existing resources and optimize the performance of EPDS (Electric Power Distribution System). Poor condition of distribution network, utilization of low current carrying capacity conductors with overloading is mainly causing the voltage drop, power loss and energy loss in the LVDN (Low Voltage Distribution Networks). Most of developing countriesare encountered with financial problems to ward up gradation of the existing network. Under such circumstances, it is essential to optimize the low voltage distribution network using innovative approach to design the LVDN.In thiswork, ahybrid rehabilitation techniqueis used for the performance improvement of LVD utilities network. Most of the available algorithms are considering the distribution networks with balance distributed load andunity power factor. The proposed methodology has been applied to LVDN, working under randomly distributed load with low power factor. The technique is applied to improve the efficiency of LVDN in terms of power loss and voltage drop reduction. Optimization of three different circuits of village QutabFerozal, Banth and Pothi Mandra of IESCO, has been selected as a case study. The analysis has been performed using ELR (Energy Loss Reduction) and CADPAD (Computer Aided Distribution Planning and Design) software. Field visits have been conducted to acquire the real data of various LVDN configurations. Simulation results are validated with the actual data of the selected LVDN feeders and found within the permissible limits. (author)

[en] Two main methods of ATWS mitigation in a SBWR are: fine Motion control Rods (FMCRD) and Boron injection via the Standby Liquid control System (SLCS). This study has demonstrated that the use of FMCRD along with feedwater runback mitigated the conditions due to reactivity insertion and possible ATWS in a BWR which is similar to SBWR

[en] Aim: To translate and validate Leicester cough questionnaire in Urdu language for patients with Cystic fibrosis. Methods: It is a cross-cultural linguistic study. 150 participants were included in the study and Non probability convenient sampling was used. Inclusion criteria includes parents of children with CF, who understand Urdu, and have symptoms of chronic cough. Children with severe respiratory exacerbations were excluded. Data was entered using SPSS version 25 and same software was used for data analysis. Results: It took 6 months to achieve an Urdu version of LCQ, which proved to be satisfactorily acceptable when administered to 150 subjects. The questionnaire showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha =0.916), test-retest reliability by Pearson correlation ranged from 0.203 to 0.99 and intraclass correlation coefficient value 0.2 to 0.9 showed high reliability. Conclusion: Leicester Cough Questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the impact of cough on quality of life in patients with Cystic fibrosis. (author)

[en] Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate: (1) The association between level of training (expertise) and rate of diagnostic errors. (2) The effect of time taken to reach a diagnosis on the frequency of diagnostic errors. (3) The effect of utilization of differential diagnosis checklists in reducing the frequency of diagnostic errors. Methods: The study was carried out from November 2020 till April 2021 in Peshawar. The participants included FCPS Part-II trainees of Maxillofacial Surgery undergoing training in five centres. Thirty written case scenarios were prepared and validated, ten scenarios for each of the three objectives. To evaluate the association between training level (expertise) and the rate of diagnostic errors, two groups of trainees (1st year group and 4th year group) were formed and given ten same case scenarios for diagnosis. To evaluate the effect of time taken to reach diagnosis on the frequency of diagnostic errors, two groups of 4th year trainees (fast group and slow group) were formed by random allocation of participants to groups and given ten similar case scenarios for diagnosis. Fast group was given 15-minutes whereas slow group was given 30-minutes to respond. To evaluate the effect of utilization of differential diagnosis checklists in reducing diagnostic errors, again two groups of 4th year trainees were formed by random allocation of participants to groups and given ten similar case scenarios for diagnosis. One group was given differential diagnosis checklists for the scenarios and the other none. Results: In this study, participants included were 1st year (n=36) and 4th year (n=36) trainees of Maxillofacial Surgery. The results showed that training level or expertise was significantly associated with the rate of diagnostic errors (p = 0.002). Time taken to reach diagnosis and differential diagnosis checklists have no significant effect on the frequency of diagnostic errors (p = 0.74 and 0.56 respectively). Conclusions: Training level (expertise) has significant effect on the frequency of diagnostic errors whereas no significant effect was recorded for time (time taken to reach diagnosis) and differential diagnosis checklists on the rate of diagnostic errors. (author)

[en] The pseudopotential formalism of binary alloys, treating the alloy potential as the linear combination of the potential of the average lattice and the difference potential, has been used to obtain binding energy of K-based alloys of alkali metals by using local model potential due to Ashroft along with five different forms of dielectric screening function. The results obtained show good agreement with the experimental data for metallic phases in all the four systems, viz. K-Li K-Na, K-Rb and K-Cs. The computed binding energy values of different concentrations of solute do not show marked dependence on screening even though the results of GV screening show over all best agreement for all the four systems. The effect of core size on binding energy of the alloy has also been investigated. It is observed that larger the size of the impurity core, smaller is the binding energy of the alloy. (author). 22 refs., 3 figs., 7 tabs

[en] Objective: The primary objective of this study is to assess the diagnostic performance of Lymph Node Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (LN-FNAC) using the Sydney System in a clinical setting, specifically focusing on patients with suspected lymphoma. Material and Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both retrospective and prospective analyses. This study was conducted in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Peshawar, Pakistan. The duration of study was from January 2021 to December 2022. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Review Board Committee prior to the commencement of the study. LN-FNAC Cases meeting inclusion criteria were identified and corresponding histopathology specimens were included whenever available. Sydney System of lymph node classification was applied to categorize FNAC results in real-time. Histopathology served as the gold standard for diagnosis. Standard statistical tests were applied to calculate diagnostic parameters, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of LN-FNAC. Risk of malignancy (ROM) for each Sydney System diagnostic category was also computed. Results: Most prevalent category according to Sydney classification was Benign, L2 (39.6%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 98.2%, 84.3%, 93.2% and 95.6% respectively. The ROM was highest for malignant category (98%) and lowest for benign category (4.5%). Discrepancies between FNAC and histopathology were noted, particularly in Hodgkin lymphoma cases. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the high diagnostic accuracy of Lymph Node Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (LN-FNAC) using the Sydney System, especially in the context of suspected lymphoma. The study contributes essential data to the ongoing validation of the Sydney System, emphasizing its role in standardized and effective diagnostic protocols for lymphoma management. (author)

[en] Effect of the substitution of Ta and Zr in different metallurgical states on the microstructure, lattice structure, superconductivity as well as the mechanical properties like room temperature Vicker's hardness, tensile strength and ductility of bcc-βTi phase alloys: Nb 0.5 Ti 0.5, Nb 0.40 Ti 0.45 Ta 0.15nd Nb 0.40 Ti 0.45 Ta 0.075 Zr 0.075 is investigated. Optical, SEM and EDX investigations show the alloys to be of homogeneous bcc-βTi phase with no segregation of Ta or Zr at the grain boundaries upon annealing. The room temperature Vicker's hardness and tensile strength increase upon addition of Ta and Zr whereas the ductility decreases and these parameters also depend upon the metallurgical state of the samples. Among the ternary and quarternary alloys the highest values of Vicker's hardness: 261 kg/mm²; tensile strength: 694 N/mm² and ductility: 11 are observed for the Nb 0.40 Ti 0.45 Ta 0.075 Zr 0.075 (1100⁰C; 30 h). The T /SUB c/ value decreases upon addition of Ta and Zr and also depends on the metallurgical state. The highest T /SUB c/ and the slope, dH /SUB c2/ /dt/ T=Tc values are observed for the as cast cold rolled alloys: Nb 0.45 Ti 0.45 Ta 0.15 (T /SUB c/ = 9.02 K; 2.14 T/K); Nb 0.40 Ti 0.45 Ta 0.075 Zr 0.075 (T /SUB c/ = 8.88 K; 4.28 T/K). The critical magnetic field values of Ginzburg-Landau and Maki as well as the Maki parameter are determined which also depend strongly on the metallurgical state. The alloy of composition Nb 0.40 Ti 0.45 Ta 0.075 Zr 0.075 (as cast; cold rolled) shows the presence of highest spin-orbit scattering for the compensation of paramagnetic limitation

[en] This paper represents a computer code (SHAPE) for calculating the flow dynamics of constant density flow in the second stage trumpet shaped nozzle section of a two stage magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) swirl combustor. The code employs the stream function-vorticity approach together with the k-epsilon model of turbulence, and produces as output the flow field map of the non-dimensional stream function, axial and swirl velocity and the pressure field. Calculations are compared with the qualitative experimental results obtained from a water model. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions