[en] This chapter explain about the ultraviolet radiation or electron beam which can improve the effectiveness process, induces the productivity and also produce the quality product. In the other hand this technology also very environmentally friendly and does not pollute the environment. The EPOLA and POBUA palm resin potentially used an additive in printing ink formulation while OPV enhancing the surface strength and adhesion.

[en] The development and enhancement of composite coating studies using the radiation technology has shown that this technology has received special attention from researchers and related industry. Most of the studies conducted was to determine the advantages and the role of the filler in enhancing the mechanical properties of the composite coating. This study is not only important for technological development but also influences the industry's market.

[en] The Audit Sub-Committee (JKA) is a sub-committee under the Safety, Health and Environment Committee (JKSHE), Malaysian Nuclear Agency. It plays a role in planning and implementing internal security audits as well as monitoring corrective actions or improvements to the findings of internal security audits on work areas, laboratories, workshops, key facilities and activities carried out by groups and individuals of workers and external parties at the Malaysian Nuclear Agency premisesas well as field work premises. In 2018, JKA conducted internal safety audit activities on the TRIGA PUSPATI Reactor (RTP), Block 34 Corrosion Workshop in the Industrial Technology Division (BTI) and Animal Houses in the Medical Technology Division (BTP). This audit activity is guided by the audit procedures developed by JKSHE. The purpose of this paper is to share the findings found in the security audit. (author)

[en] Full-text: Radiation including ionizing types are generally invisible, have no weight and charge (except alpha and beta particles) or odour. Although some of them do emit light and heat, the radiation can only be detected with special instrumentation made from inorganic or organic material. Conjugated polymer such as polydiacetylene is one of the organic material that has the ability to indicate ionizing radiation by colour change upon exposure. The colour change mechanism is related to availability of pi-electrons in its molecule structure which allows for pi-conjugation upon ionization. Ionization on the monomerics triple bonds may induce 1,4-addition which eventually form covalent bonds between adjacent molecules and turn the colour of the material from colourless to violet-blue (conjugation). The conjugated structure, however has restricted the molecules movement thus resulted in extremely brittle polymer which is also difficult to form continuous film. In order to overcome the issue, addition of low glass transition (T_g) polymer to polydiacetylene is required to aid its film forming capability while retain its colour change properties. Therefore, polystyrene-butylacrylate (PSBA) latex of T_g∼20 degree Celsius has been used in this study, to hold pentacosa-10,12-diynoic acid (PCDA), a monomer from polydiacetylene group. To ensure pi-electrons in PCDA do not lose its function prior to end application, any possible chemical interaction between PCDA and PSBA or any chemical residue from PSBA synthesis had to be avoided. Radiation-induced PSBA synthesis made the work easier where no chemical initiator was used for the reaction. Not only that, combination of hydrophobic and ionic interactions has been used for deposition of PCDA on PSBA surface. By this way, PCDA molecules are free to organize and self-assembled on the particles surface before conjugation and while conjugation occurs. Effect of surface charge density on PSBA that attracts the PCDA has also been investigated. Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(diallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) were used to alter PSBA charges by multiple layers up to five layers. PCDA was then added to the final layer and evaluated. Evaluation on the final latexes were carried out using gamma ray (Cs-137) at range between 5 Gy to 7 kGy and gamma ray (Co-60) at range between 5 to 50 kGy. Total colour differences (dE^*) of every samples were measured using colorimeter for comparison. Result from the analysis confirms that PSBA-filled PCDA is responsive against gamma radiation. Not only that, difference of colour measured for PSBA-filled PCDA was 50 % higher than non-filled PCDA. The colour change however comes to its limit at 10 kGy. (author)

[en] A study was set up in an attempt to aquire a better understanding of factors influencing the adhesion in the EB curing lamination of PVC films on wood substrates. Various acrylated polyester, epoxy and urethane oligomers with monofunctional and difunctional monomers were investigated. The contact angle, viscosity, pendulum hardness and peel strength were determined to give a brief explanation of the adhesion mechanism

[en] Full-text: Environmental concerns over the use of harmful volatile organic solvents has fuelled researches towards waterborne products in which these solvents are replaced with water as the main dispersion medium. However, resulting waterborne products require more energy and time to cure compared to its solventborne counterpart. In attempt to reduce the curing time, UV curing technology will be utilised in the formulation of UV curable waterborne polyurethane dispersion (WPUD). Three sets of WPUD will be synthesized via prepolymer mixing method by varying its end-capping component, namely; hydroxyethylacrylate (HEA), hydroxymethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETIA). These formulations will then be mixed with photoinitiators and cured under UV light to test its curing parameters. (author)

[en] Radiation curing on curable polymer resin by UV and eb light has been applied widely in industrial field, mainly in the coatings, printings, adhesives and microelectronic. The study of kinetic reaction on radiation curable resin is very important to be carried out during polymerization process. Since the kinetic process is very fast, we need step-scan ftir for good result. Real time FTIR (RT-FTIR) is one of the most powerful analytical techniques to monitor this kinetic reaction of photo-polymerization in situ. RT-FTIR can predict the curing behavior technically and monitor the polymerization reaction within a fraction of second. The result is based on the conversion of C=C in the acrylated resin. (Author)

[en] Acrylated palm oil was synthesized from epoxidized palm oil (EPOP), in early 1989, through acrylation/methacrylation process at Radiation Technology Division laboratory. The acrylated products namely Epoxidized Palm Oil Acrylate/Methacrylate (EPOLA/ EPOMA), with the molecular weight around 2000-3000 g/mol, was found curable when subjected to UV or EB irradiations. Isocyanation of EPOLAs resulted in a resin called Palm Oil Based Urethane Acrylate (POBUA). POBUA possess certain advantages over EPOLA such as much higher molecular weight between 5000 to 20000 g/ mol, better curing speed, crosslinking density, higher abrasion resistance and also higher pendulum hardness. Hyper branched polyurethane acrylate (HBPUA) from palm oil oleic was synthesized by a three-step reaction in 2012. The reaction was confirmed by several analytical data; hydroxyl value (OHV), FTIR, GPC and NMR spectroscopy analyses. The thermal decomposition of HBPUA formulations shows good thermal stability up to 450 degree Celsius. (author)

[en] Hydrophobic coatings find wide application in industry due to their unique features such as water repellent and self-cleaning properties. In this study, modifying agent was synthesized by way of nano silica particles dispersion in polydimethyl siloxane with addition of surfactant, catalyst and stabilizer using high speed distemper. The modifying agent was added into coating formulation and cured under UV exposure. Scanning Electron Microscopy image of the film found that the nano silica particles were distributed well on substrate. Contact angle measurement gave the highest reading of 116 degree for 20 % wt of the modifying agent. The optical properties of the film were evaluated via transmission and haze test. (author)

[en] The synthesis procedure of Epoxidized Palm Olein Acrylated (EPOLA) has been established by Radiation Curing and Synthesis Group. The quality control test such as acid value, oxirane oxygen content and Fourier- Transform Infra Red (FTIR) were done to monitor the synthesis process. The completion of synthesis process was observed via FTIR with the presence of hydroxyl (-OH) absorption between 3440-3480 cm^-1 and an absorption of acrylate groups at 819 cm^-1. The EPOLA was then coated on glass plate and irradiated with UV light. It was found that EPOLA is curable under exposure of UV light and has potential in the application of Overprint Varnishes (OPV). Several formulations have been developed which basically consist of oligomer, monomer, photo initiator EPOLA and additives. The formulations were then coated on black and white paper and irradiated under UV light. The speed of the conveyer was set at 5 m/ min and 20 m/ min during irradiation and the number of passes for the coated substrate to be cured is recorded. The physical characterization such as adhesion and curing rate were observed compared with desirable finished products. (author)