[en] Conclusions: → Most of industrial applications (80%) require low temperature heat below 540°C; → Fast Reactors are technically suitable to provide industrial steam at temperatures not accessible by standard LWRs; → As an illustrative example, the application at an oil refinery site has been studied showing the economic benefits; → Nuclear Cogeneration enhances the overall energy efficiency of the power plant; • Nuclear Cogeneration allows massive cut in CO₂ emissions

[en] This document contains the preface and the table of contents of a book which recalls some historical aspects of energy, notably the emergence of electricity and the evolution of energy conversion techniques. Discussing the high price of energy, the author comments the relationship between energy and human development, outlines the always increasing energy needs, the prevailing trend of electricity and more particularly of electric heating. He addresses the issue of greenhouse gas emissions due to energy and to different energy sources, and evokes the issue of carbon tax. He considers energy transition as an icing on the cake: for him, choosing renewable energies means choosing gas, solar energy belongs to the past, and green hopes are illusions. He discusses issues of energy resources, energy independence, energy price, renewable energy cost, energy taxes. He discusses uranium as an actually ecological resource, and criticizes the concept of smart grids. He finally draws perspectives in terms of energy storage, geothermal power, power plant heat recovery, transport, and nuclear development

[en] Recovering some of the waste energy from nuclear power stations for industrial use or district heating offers very interesting prospects for reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs). (authors)

[en] In 2014, I2EN set up an accreditation system dedicated to nuclear education programs in France. The accreditation system aims at (1) making sure nuclear education programs provide students with the skills needed and required in industry and (2) making sure they comply with the criteria of academic excellence expected in the field. The accreditation process is as follows: 1. Voluntary application comprising a self-study report produced by the Program Administrator; 2. Review and assessment of the program by a team of experts (including on-site discussions with the Program Administrator) based on two public sets of criteria established by the Institute: relevance of the program in regard to its objectives and the means implemented to achieve them. 3. Award of the accreditation upon acceptance by the High-commissioner for atomic energy. In order to carry out the reviews, I2EN set up an independent Committee of 26 experts coming evenly from academia and industry. Each review is conducted by a team of two experts: one from academia and one from industry. This dual view is the essence of I2EN accreditation: it enables to review both the vocational and academic aspects of programs and thus to assess whether graduates are fully operational while having the academic fundamentals to perform their jobs. After the review & assessment, experts issue a report pointing out the strengths, weaknesses, and most importantly the opportunities for improvement. This new accreditation system presents many positive side effects, such as: • Urging Program Administrators to continuous improvement towards excellency; • Providing HR managers from industry with a reliable recruiting ground in accredited programs; • Making industry professionals and faculties work together in order to improve curricula on the basis of industrial feedback; • Targeting the best programs for students to choose from and reassuring them in regard to future employment. (author)

[en] This document presents three energy scenarios which take two elements into account: the objective of a factor 4 reduction of CO₂ emissions related to energy, and the Government's hypothesis of a reduction from 75 to 50 pc of the nuclear share in electric power production by 2025. The three scenarios are respectively based on a higher sobriety, on a de-carbonation based on electricity, and on diversified vectors. Graphs present several aspects of these scenarios: comparison with DNTE scenarios, consumption of primary energy, energy dependency, decrease of primary energy per inhabitant, final energy consumption, final energy consumption per sector. It reports the application of scenarios to these main sectors: transport (according to different hypotheses on mobility and good transport, technological, economic and organisational challenges), housing and office building (according to hypotheses on performance and on the evolution of buildings, shares of different final energies, technological, economic and organisational challenges), industry (hypothesis on the evolution of industrial activity and on energy efficiency, energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, technological challenges), energy production (hypotheses for energy production by different sources, electric power production, CO₂ emissions, technological challenges), biomass (mobilised resources, energy usages, technological and organisational disruptions).

[en] After having recalled the objective of reduction of the energetic print by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy efficiency, the authors state that nuclear energy possesses a major strength: it produces electricity and is also able to produce heat by co-generation. If such a possibility is not exploited in France where nuclear energy is exclusively dedicated to electricity production, other countries have implemented this co-generation, mainly in Eastern European countries. The authors outline the interest of using the heat produced by such a co-generation to supply and operate desalination plants. They also suggest the use of this heat for district heating as it is now possible to transport hot water over 100 kilometres with a heat loss less than 2 per cent. They finally evoke the other applications of nuclear energy than electricity production: medicine (imagery and treatment), marine propulsion

[en] An external neutron source is required to provide additional neutrons for a proper operation of a sub-critical system. Spallation neutron sources, though very effective in neutron production, are large, expensive and presently would involve certain difficulties in their operation (e.g. beam trips). In this paper we investigate the use of an external neutron source driven by an electron accelerator. The lower performance of the neutron source (compared to spallation based neutrons) could be balanced by a surrounding multiplier core, operating in a slight under-critical regime with k_eff ∼ 0.995 like in the case of a so-called Beta Compensated Reactor. An electron driver is rather cheap and compact machine that might bring many advantages in terms of reliability. An overall comparison between the electron-neutron converter and spallation process is done including a schematic layout for an electron driver coupled to a sub-critical core with some preliminary calculations of the nuclear system parameters (k-effective, neutron fluxes, reactor power, etc...). (authors)

[en] An external neutron source is required to provide additional neutrons for a proper operation of a subcritical system. Spallation neutron sources, though very effective in neutron production, are large, expensive and presently would involve certain difficulties in their operation (e.g. beam trips). In this paper we investigate the use of an external neutron source driven by an electron accelerator. The lower performance of the neutron source (compared to spallation based neutrons) could be balanced by a surrounding multiplier core, operating in a slightly under-critical regime with k_eff ∼ 0.995 like in the case of a so-called Beta Compensated Reactor. An electron driver is rather cheap and compact machine that might bring many advantages in terms of reliability. An overall comparison between the electron-neutron converter and spallation process is done including a schematic layout for an electron driver coupled to nearly critical core with some preliminary calculations of the nuclear system parameters (k-effective, neutron fluxes, reactor power, etc.). (author)

[en] This deliverable (D9) describes the basic accelerator requirements of a proton accelerator needed for the XADS project. After indicating the most important parameters (beam energy and intensity, time structure), some features specific to the XADS are highlighted (reliability, operational procedures). Interface with other elements (beam dump, spallation target and reactor core) is analyzed. Although the cyclotron option has been addressed, it is shown that the preferred solution for the accelerator is the linac. Each section of the linac (injector, intermediate energy, high energy) is described in quite a detailed manner with complete beam dynamics calculation. The RF structure for the intermediate section is still an open choice. Finally, some recommendations are given for future R and D work. (authors)

[en] In order to meet the high availability/reliability required by the PDS-XADS design, the accelerator needs to implement to the maximum possible extent a fault tolerance strategy that would allow beam operation in the presence of most of the envisaged faults that could occur in its beam line components. In this work, we report the results of beam dynamics simulations performed to characterize the effects of the faults of the main linac components (cavities and focusing magnets) on the beam parameters. The outcome of this activity is the definition of the possible corrective actions that could be conceived (and implemented in the system) in order to guarantee the fault tolerance characteristics of the accelerator. This work has been supported by the PDS-XADS program, funded by the EU 5th Framework Program under contract FIKW-CT-2001-00179