[en] In order to analyze the far-field temperature gradient, a finite element analysis (FEA) of the heat transfer in hollow micro-sphere filled with ICF fuel was made, providing the border adiabatic, meshing the model intellectualizedly, and supposing the parameter as 3, the cell as triangle. When the work temperature of the target was 24 K, in order to maintain the balance of the gas bubble in the micro-sphere, the temperature gradient in the target was 14.02 K/cm. The digital simulation result showed that the external temperature gradient was 7.75 K/cm. The result fits well with the data achieved by experiment. This shows the mathematics model is credible, and can be applied in the manufacture of the cryogenic target. (authors)

[en] A mathematic model is established that formulated the relationship between the working temperature and thermal gradient in producing a uniform liquid layer of binary fuel mixture inside a cryogenic spherical shell inertial confinement fusion target. When the external linear thermal gradient was imposed on the target, the model showed the gradient of face tension induced by thermal gradient acted on the far field pull the liquid inside the ICF forward. This motion overcame the effect of gravitation to produce a uniform liquid layer inside ICF. And a finite element analysis of the heat transfer in hollow micro-sphere filled with the ICF fuel was made, the results compared with the experimental finding by K. Kim and the tendency of the thermal gradient was shown to be similar. (authors)

[en] According to Raoult's law and Dalton's partial-pressure laws, the mixture of D₂, T₂ and DT fuel components in the proportion of 3:3:4 in an ICF target is analyzed on the basis of mass conservation, under the vapor-liquid equilibrium phase at several work temperatures (22, 24, 26, 28 and 30 K). The result is that at 22 K, with filling pressure increasing from 1 MPa to 5 MPa, the mole fraction of D₂ increases from 0.251 to 0.290, the mole fraction of T₂ decreases from 0.350 to 0.310 in the liquid fuel, and the mole fraction of D₂ increases from 0.322 to 0.365, the mole fraction of T₂ decreases from 0.278 to 0.241 in the gas fuel. When filling pressure is 5 MPa, with work temperature increasing from 22 K to 30 K, the mole fraction of D₂ decreases from 0.290 to 0.261, the mole fraction of T₂ increases from 0.309 to 0.341 in the liquid fuel, and the mole fraction of D₂ decreases from 0.365 to 0.302, the mole fraction of T₂ increases from 0.241 to 0.298 in the gas fuel. (authors)

[en] The least squares (LS) identification algorithm is vulnerable to outliers and has large residual square when the measured data is mixed with impulse noise which obeys symmetrical alpha stable (SaS) distribution, so the least absolute deviation (LAD) is selected as the objective function to get better identification performance when impulse noise exists. And taking the non-difference of least absolute deviation into consideration, we adopt an improved gravitational search algorithm as optimal algorithm to search for optimal solution globally. Then the parameter identification method based on LAD objective function using an improved gravitational search algorithm (LAD-IGSA) is put forward creatively. Simulation results show that the LAD-IGSA method can restrain the influence of impulse noise effectively and achieve higher identification accuracy. Moreover, LAD-IGSA method presents better robustness and bettidentification accuracy than LP method with small data sets. (paper)

[en] Lithium (Li) metal is considered as a promising anode material for high-energy batteries; yet, its practical application is hindered by uncontrolled Li dendrite growth, especially at a high rate. Herein, a dual conductive gradient V${}_2$CT${}_x$/MoO${}_3$ (DG-V${}_2$CT${}_x$/MoO${}_3$) host that integrates electronic/ionic conductive gradients and lithiophilicity is prepared by layer-by-layer assembly for dendrite-free Li anodes. Gradient LiF deriving from different amount of V${}_2$CT${}_x$ endows a good ionic conductive gradient; while, MoO${}_3$ is regarded as a spacer to avoid the restacking of V${}_2$CT${}_x$, increasing space for Li deposition. The dual conductive gradients effectively optimize the current density and Li${}^{+}$ flux distribution at the bottom, achieving fast reduction of Li${}^{+}$ and a "bottom-up" Li deposition mode. Meanwhile, the lithiophilic V${}_2$CT${}_x$ and MoO${}_3$ guide the homogeneous Li growth. As a result, the symmetrical half-cells based on DG-V${}_2$CT${}_x$/MoO${}_3$@Li anodes conduct 700 h at 5 mAh cm${}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->2}$ and 20 mA cm${}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->2}$. The DG-V${}_2$CT${}_x$/MoO${}_3$@Li||LiFePO${}_4$ full-cells maintain a capacity retention of 85.4% after 1350 cycles at 2 C. Remarkably, the DG-V${}_2$CT${}_x$/MoO${}_3$@Li||LiNi${}_{0.6}$Co${}_{0.2}$Mn${}_{0.2}$O${}_2$ full-cells can run 150 cycles with 80.6% capacity retention even at harsh conditions. The well-adjusted materials and structures with both dual conductive gradients and lithiophilic properties will bring inspiration for novel material design of other metal batteries. (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH)