[en] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) operates a 20-MW research reactor. A 540-mm-diameter cryogenic beam port houses a liquid hydrogen cold neutron source, and a network of 7 neutron guides transports cold neutrons to 13 instruments in the guide hall. The available and planned neutron-scattering instruments are briefly described, along with an advanced cold neutron source that will nearly double the previous flux of cold neutrons

[en] Double vector meson photoproduction, p(gamma, G → VV)p, mediated by a scalar glueball G is investigated. Using vector meson dominance (VMD) and Regge/pomeron phenomenology, a measureable glueball enhancement is predicted in the invariant VV = rho rho and omega omega mass spectra. The scalar glueball is assumed to be the lightest physical state on the daughter pomeron trajectory governing diffractive vector meson photoproduction. In addition to cross sections, calculations for hadronic and electromagnetic glueball decays, G -> V V' (V,V'= rho, omega, phi, gamma), and gamma_v V → G transition form factors are presented based upon flavor universality, VMD and phenomenological couplings from phi photoproduction analyses. The predicted glueball decay widths are similar to an independent theoretical study. A novel signature for glueball detection is also discussed

[en] We document that p(γ,e⁺e^-)p measurements will yield new, important information about the off-shell time-like nucleon form factors, especially in the phi meson region (q²=M²_phi) governing the phiN couplings g^V,T_phi_NN. Calculations for p(γ,e⁺e^-)p, utilizing vector meson dominance, predict measurable phi enhancements at high vertical bar t vertical bar compared to the expected phi background production from π, η and Pomeron exchange. The phi form factor contribution generates a novel experimental signature for OZI violation and the proton strangeness content. The phiN couplings are determined independently from a combined analysis of the neutron electric form factor and recent high vertical bar t vertical bar phi photoproduction. The π, η and Pomeron transition form factors are also predicted and the observed π and η transition moments are reproduced

[en] This article quantifies the potential market for grid-connected, residential photovoltaic (PV) electricity integrated into new homes built in the US. It complements an earlier supply-side analysis by the authors that demonstrates the potential to reduce PV module prices below $1.5/W_p by scaling up existing thin-film technology in 100 MW_p/yr manufacturing facilities. The present article demonstrates that, at that price, PV modules may be cost effective in 125,000 new home installations per year (0.5 GW_p/yr). While this market is large enough to support multiple scaled up thin-film PV factories, inefficient energy pricing and demand-side market failures will inhibit prospective PV consumers without strong public policy support. Net metering rules, already implemented in many states to encourage PV market launch, represent a crude but reasonable surrogate for efficient electricity pricing mechanisms that may ultimately emerge to internalize the externality benefits of PV. These public benefits include reduced air pollution damages (estimated costs of damage to human health from fossil fuel power plants are presented in Appendix A), deferral of transmission and distribution capital expenditures, reduced exposure to fossil fuel price risks, and increased electricity system reliability for end users. Thus, net metering for PV ought to be implemented as broadly as possible and sustained until efficient pricing is in place. Complementary PV 'buydowns' (e.g., a renewable portfolio standard with a specific PV requirement) are needed to jumpstart regional PV markets

[en] We document that p(gamma,e+e-)p measurements will yield new, important information about the off-shell time-like nucleon form factors, especially in the phi meson region (q² = M²_φ) governing the phi N couplings g^V,T_φNN. Calculations for p(gamma,e+e-)p, utilizing vector meson dominance, predict measurable phi enhancements at high |t| compared to the expected phi background production from pi, eta and Pomeron exchange. The phi form factor contribution generates a novel experimental signature for OZI violation and the proton strangeness content. The phi N couplings are determined independently from a combined analysis of the neutron electric form factor and recent high |t| phi photoproduction. The pi, eta and Pomeron transition form factors are also predicted and the observed pi and eta transition moments are reproduced

[en] In 1995, the NIST research reactor was shut down for a number of modifications, including the replacement of the D₂O cold neutron source with a liquid hydrogen moderator. When the liquid hydrogen source began operating, the flux of cold neutrons increased by a factor of six over the D₂O source. The design and operation of the hydrogen source are described, and measurements of its performance are compared with the Monte Carlo simulations used in the design. (auth)

[en] This paper shows data of current and projected SO₂ emissions, ambient pollution in major Asian cities; Benefits of natural gas Use in Power Generation; Efficiency of thermal power plants in India and China. It discusses Coal Benefitiation meaning use of high efficiency coal technologies i.e. reducing particulate emissions

[en] The Cumbrian Alchemy project explores issues emerging from an enquiry into convergent relationships among the nuclear and other energy industries, archaeological monuments and oral traditions of the North Lancashire and Cumbrian region in the north-west of England. Topically, it focuses on ideas of 'places of power', issues and discourse associated with hazardous industrial sites, long-term nuclear repositories, matters of 'deep-time' with respect to the recording and remembering of these repositories, language preservation and stewardship of the land. The project was supported by Arts Council England and the University of Cumbria

[en] A previously unidentified, nanometer scale ordered precipitate has been characterized in the metastable β titanium alloy Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (Ti-5553) using conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM). The phase, termed O″, is metastable, the ordering transformation occurring over an intermediate temperature range (e.g., 375 °C), and this ordered face centered orthorhombic precipitate may be observed co-existing with isothermal ω and α phases in the alloy. It is also noted that this transient phase may provide the diffracted intensities observed from another phase, identified tentatively in the literature as orthorhombic martensite, α″ [1].

[en] Effectively addressing concerns about air pollution (especially health impacts of small-particle air pollution), climate change, and oil supply insecurity will probably require radical changes in automotive engine/fuel technologies in directions that offer both the potential for achieving near-zero emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases and a diversification of the transport fuel system away from its present exclusive dependence on petroleum. The basis for comparing alternative automotive engine/fuel options in evolving toward these goals in the present analysis is the 'societal lifecycle cost' of transportation, including the vehicle first cost (assuming large-scale mass production), fuel costs (assuming a fully developed fuel infrastructure), externality costs for oil supply security, and damage costs for emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases calculated over the full fuel cycle. Several engine/fuel options are considered--including current gasoline internal combustion engines and a variety of advanced lightweight vehicles: internal combustion engine vehicles fueled with gasoline or hydrogen; internal combustion engine/hybrid electric vehicles fueled with gasoline, compressed natural gas, Diesel, Fischer-Tropsch liquids or hydrogen; and fuel cell vehicles fueled with gasoline, methanol or hydrogen (from natural gas, coal or wind power). To account for large uncertainties inherent in the analysis (for example in environmental damage costs, in oil supply security costs and in projected mass-produced costs of future vehicles), lifecycle costs are estimated for a range of possible future conditions. Under base-case conditions, several advanced options have roughly comparable lifecycle costs that are lower than for today's conventional gasoline internal combustion engine cars, when environmental and oil supply insecurity externalities are counted--including advanced gasoline internal combustion engine cars, internal combustion engine/hybrid electric cars fueled with gasoline, Diesel, Fischer-Tropsch liquids or compressed natural gas, and hydrogen fuel cell cars. The hydrogen fuel cell car stands out as having the lowest externality costs of any option and, when mass produced and with high valuations of externalities, the least projected lifecycle cost. Particular attention is given to strategies that would enhance the prospects that the hydrogen fuel cell car would eventually become the Car of the Future, while pursuing innovations relating to options based on internal combustion engines that would both assist a transition to hydrogen fuel cell cars and provide significant reductions of externality costs in the near term