[en] Objective: To scale the frequencies of medical X-ray diagnosis based on the survey conducted in 58 hospitals to the all hospitals in Henan province, in order to make them available for providing the basis for reasonable application of diagnostic radiology. Methods: Stratified sampling method was used to select medical institutions at different levels in 6 cities in the province as sample hospitals. The information of examined patients on sex, age, diagnostic type and exposure category were gathered and the results were analyzed. Results: The sex ratio of male and female examined patients was close to 1 : 1. The largest proportion, 60.47%, of examined patients was from the age group of above 40 years old among the three age groups. Medical diagnositc medical X-ray examinations mainly include conventional X-ray photography and CT examination, accounting for 52.15% and 40.31%, respectively. Chest examination contributed the largest propotions, 23.84%, of conventional diagnositic X-ray examination and, 13.25%, of CT examination respectively. CT examinations were mainly concentrated in the secondary and tertiary hospitals, accounting for 21.54% and 72.99% of the total CT examinations, respectively. Contrast examination, mammography and extracorporeal lithotripsy were concentrated in the tertiary hospitals, accounting for 77.82%, 95.01% and 100% of the same type of examinations, respectively. Conventional photographic examinations were mainly conducted in primary hospitals, accounting for 74.56% of all types of examinations in the primary hospitals. By using multiple linear regression model, the diagnostic examination frequency in 2016 was estimated to be 826 examinations per 1000 population, of which the frequency of dianostic X-ray examination and CT examination were 541 per 1000 and 285 per 1000, respectively. Conclusions: The frequency of diagnostic radiology in Henan has increased rapidly in recent years. All types of diagnostic radiology equipment are unevenly distributed in hospitals at different levels which posed a challenge for health care. Relevant departments should make efforts to reallocation of diagnostic radiology equipment in such hospitals and make utilization of health resources more reasonable. (authors)

[en] Objective: To investigate the levels of the entrance surface doses to adult patients from X-ray examinations in Henan province, and to provide technical and data support for establishing the dose guidance level of diagnostic radiology applicable to Chinese people. Methods: Entrance surface doses to 1404 examined individuals from conventional radiography, computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR) were investigated by non-probability sampling and using thermoluminescence dosimetry in 14 hospitals in Zhengzhou, Kaifeng and Xinyang cities in Henan province. Results: The entrance surface doses from the conventional radiography, CR and DR in Henan province were in the range of 0.20-47.71, 0.16-6.89 and 0.10-10.41 mGy, respectively. The entrance surface doses were 0.16-10.05 for abdominal anteroposterior (AP), 0.20-10.36 for pelvic AP, 0.11-2.13 for lateral skull (LAT), 0.10-2.92 for posteroanterior (PA), 0.39-5.85 for chest LAT, 0.12-1.82 for chest PA, 0.16-11.67 for thoracic AP, 0.36-29.37 for thoracic LAT, 0.25-14.49 for lumbar spine AP and 1.18-47.71 mGy for lumbar spine LAT, respectively. Entrance surface doses measured in the conventional radiography were higher than in CR and DR with significantly statistical difference (Z = -8.709, -9.570, P < 0.05). Entrance surface doses measured for chest PA and lumbar LAT from conventional radiography were higher than the surveyed results in the 9th National Five-Year Plan period, with difference statistically significant (Z = 3.262, 2.538, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Entrance surface doses to chest PA and LAT from radiography and CR were higher than the guidance levels of medical radiation exposure. Entrance surface doses from radiography to some exposed parts were higher than the levels surveyed in the 9th National Five-Year Plan period. (authors)

[en] A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coated with a hollow microporous organic network (H-MON) was fabricated for the analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). The sorbent was prepared by reacting tetra(4-ethynylphenyl)methane and 1,4-diiodobenzene using bis-(triphenylphosphine) palladium(II) as the catalyst in the presence of silica sphere templates, which then were removed by hydrofluoric acid. The SCCPs were quantified by GC-MS working in the negative chemical ionization mode. The H-MON has a high specific surface (701 m²·g⁻¹) and microporosity (pore size <2 nm). Extraction temperature, extraction time, and ionic strength of the sample solutions were optimized by using the Box-Behnken design. The head-space SPME exhibits better extraction performance than the direct immersion mode. Under optimal working conditions, the detection limit (3 times of the standard deviation) is 0.03 ng·mL⁻¹ in the water samples. Response is linear in the 0.05–10 ng·mL⁻¹ concentration range. Repeatability and reproducibility, expressed as the relative standard deviations, ranged from 4.6 to 11.0%. The method was successfully applied in the analysis of SCCPs in water, sediments, organisms, and atmospheric particulate matter samples. .

[en] Objective: To investigate the mechanism of treatment of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF), recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) on hematopoietic injuries induced by 4.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation in beagles, and to provide experimental evidence for the clinical treatment of extremely severe myeloid acute radiation sickness (ARS). Methods: Sixteen beagle dogs were given 4.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray total body irradiation (TBI), then randomly assigned into irradiation control group, supportive care group or cytokines + supportive care (abbreviated as cytokines) group. In addition to supportive care, rhG-CSF, rhIL-11 and rhIL-2 were administered subcutaneously to treat dogs in cytokines group. The percentage of CD34 + cells, cell cycle and apoptosis of nucleated cells in peripheral blood were examined by Flow cytometry. Results: After 4.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation, the CD34 + cells in peripheral blood declined obviously (61.3% and 52.1% of baseline for irradiation control and supportive care group separately). The cell proportion of nucleated cells in G₀/G₁ phase was increased notably notably (99.27% and 99.49% respectively). The rate of apoptosis (26.93% and 21.29% separately) and necrosis (3.27% and 4.14%, respectively) of nucleated cells were elevated significantly when compared with values before irradiation (P<0.05) 1 d post irradiation. When beagles were treated with cytokines and supportive care, the CD34 + cells in peripheral blood were markedly increased (135.6% of baseline). The effect of G₀/G₁ phase blockage of nucleated cells became more serious (99.71%). The rate of apoptosis (5.66%) and necrosis (1.60%) of nucleated cells were significantly lower than that of irradiation control and supportive care groups 1 d after exposure. Conclusions: Cytokines maybe mobilize CD34 + cells in bone marrow to peripheral blood, indce cell block at G₀/G₁ phase and reduce apoptosis, and eventually cure hematopoietic injuries induced by irradiation. (authors)

[en] Objective: To explore the clotting mechanism in beagles irradiated by 4.5 Gy γ-rays after treatment with supportive care, or supportive care and combined cytokines. Methods: Sixteen beagles were divided into irradiation control group, Supportive care group and combined cytokines treatment group. Platelet aggregation test, thrombelastography (TEG) and the time measurement were analyzed in vitro. Results: In irradiation group and supportive care group, the platelet aggregation rates in beagles were decreased markedly and the k value of TEG was increased 7 d post-irradiation, while those indexes in combined cytokines treatment group changed little. At 14 d post-irradiation, each parameter of TEG in irradiated group changed obviously. The values of r, k, r + k and M were elevated significantly, clotting time and the maximum coagulation time of thrombus delayed, the Ma value was decreased markedly, and the maximum elasticity amplitude of thrombus was diminished. All parameters in combined cytokines treatment group were better than those in supportive care group. The thrombin time was prolonged obviously in irradiated group 14 d post-irradiation, while the thrombin time was the longest at 2-3 weeks post irradiation in supportive care group and combined cytokines treatment group (P>0.05). Conclusions: Cytokines could improve the platelet aggregation and the blood clotting functions of beagles suffering from acute radiation sickness. (authors)

[en] Objective: To explore the mechanisms of cytokines on acute radiation disease in irradiation beagles. Methods: The sera of beagles irradiated with 4.5 Gy γ-rays with cytokines treatment was collected at different time points post irradiation. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was differentially expressed proteins with significance, and the amino acid sequences should be determined. Results: High resolution 2-DE gel map was obtained. There were six differentially expressed proteins in sera of irradiated beagles at different time points. Four protein spots were successfully identified by MS. A significant spot was identified as serum amyloid A (SAA) by HD-MS, with relative molecular mass of 13 077 and isoelectric point of 6.26. Expression of SAA was not found 1 d pre-irradiation and 36 d post-irradiation, but increased slightly 1 d (0.2166) and significantly 14 d post-irradiation (0.4577). Conclusions: The expression of serum amyloid A was consistent with the process of acute radiation injury, which might indicate the turnover of the disease. (authors)

[en] Policies and laws encouraging the development of renewable energy systems in China have led to rapid progress in the past 2 years, particularly in the solar cell (photovoltaic) industry. The development of the photovoltaic (PV) and wind power markets in China is outlined in this paper, with emphasis on the utilization of lead-acid batteries. The storage battery is a key component of PV/wind power systems, yet many deficiencies remain to be resolved. Some experimental results are presented, along with examples of potential applications of valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, both the absorbed glass mat (AGM) and gelled types. (author)

[en] Mesoporous carbon hollow spheres coated with MoS₂ (C@MoS₂) were synthesized to obtain a material with large specific surface area, fast electron transfer efficiency and good water dispersibility. The composite material was applied as a matrix for the analysis of small molecules by surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SALDI-TOF MS). The use of a core-shell C@MoS₂ matrix strongly reduces matrix background interferences and increases signal intensity in the analysis of sulfonamides antibiotics (SAs), cationic dyes, emodin, as well as estrogen and amino acids. The composite material was applied to the SALDI-TOF MS analysis of selected molecules in (spiked) real samples. The ionization mechanism of the core-shell C@MoS₂ as a matrix is discussed. The method exhibits low fragmentation interference, excellent ionization efficiency, high reproducibility and satisfactory salt tolerance.

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[en] Herein, Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films are prepared on quartz glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. The effects of substrate temperature (T${}_s$) on the structure, morphology, electrical, and optical properties of AZO films are investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission electron microscopy, Hall effect testing instrument, and ultraviolet spectrophotometer, respectively. The results show that the doping of Al element does not change the structure of ZnO films, and all films have typical hexagonal wurtzite structure with preferred c-axis orientation. The film sample has the strongest (002) diffraction peak and the smallest value of full-width at half-maximum at the T${}_s$ value of 150 °C. With the increase of T${}_s$ value, the grain size of the film increases first and then decreases. At 150 °C, the film exhibits good electrical conductivity, and its resistivity is 0.6210${}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->2}$ Ω cm, the carrier concentration is 9.8410${}^{19}$ cm${}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->3}$, and the Hall mobility is 13.66 cm${}^2$ V${}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->1}$ s${}^{-<!--\; ???\; -->1}$. All samples show high transmittance, and the average transmittance in the stable visible light region is as high as 95% at the T${}_s$ value of room temperature and 250 °C, and the average transmittance of all samples is above 80%. This provides a method for the application of ZnO transparent conductive films. (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH)

[en] Porous covalent organonitridic frameworks (PCONFs) were applied as a packing in a solid-phase extraction cartridge for rapid extraction of eight sulfonamide antibiotics from complex samples. The detection was performed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry under the multiple reaction monitoring mode. This enabled ultrasensitive, dependable and cost-effective simultaneous analysis of sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfisoxazole. Main parameters affecting the performance of the PCONF-packed cartridge were investigated. Under optimized conditions, this method has attractive features such as wide linear ranges (2.5–1000 ng·L⁻¹), low limits of detection (0.14–2.0 ng·L⁻¹), and good repeatability (intra-day assay: 2.1%–5.6%; inter-day assay: 2.3%–12.9%). It was successfully applied in the analysis of sulfonamide residues in water, milk and chicken meat samples.

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