[en] This thesis deals with three complementary economic approaches of the climate challenge. First, a critical analysis of integrated assessment models is carried out using the RESPONSE model. It concludes to their relative usefulness as a transparency tool for reasoning and hypotheses of the negotiating parties in the climate diplomacy. A methodology to compare modeling structures is then proposed and tested. Finally the economic conditions for not trespassing the 2 deg. C threshold are put into light, inside a cost-benefit framework, as well as their implications for the diplomatic agenda. Second, we analyze some obstacles and driving forces of a real economy in its interaction with the climate constraint. Three levels of viscosity of an economy are highlighted, having sufficiently different properties to justify a different analytical treatment. On the institutional level, we lower the importance of the pure time preference in the Stern/Nordhau controversy. On the infrastructure level, we show that the introduction of climate uncertainty can justify precautionary investment in the long-term sector and also define some properties of an infrastructure relevant to the climate question. On the technical change side, we build a critic of the AABH model and present some elements of an alternative research program on the subject of its redirection. Third, we introduce money in this description of a real economy, or more precisely the financial sector. We describe and model an innovative tool for the energy transition respecting the constraints highlighted in the two preceding parts. (author)