[en] The notion of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is introduced in the simple case of a perfect gas of bosons. We show the existence of a singularity that was discovered by Einstein and that appears when the density in the phase space is above a critical value. A few years after the discovery of BEC in several gases, it is interesting to look back at some properties of superfluid helium, the author comments shortly on boiling and evaporation, then on the role of rotons and vortices in the existence of a critical velocity in superfluid helium. The author discusses also the existence of a condensate in a liquid with strong interactions and the pressure variation of its superfluid transition temperature. The discovery of BEC in dilute gases of Rb, Na and Li in magnetic traps has stimulated an enormous revival of the interest in macroscopic quantum behavior of dilute gas at low temperature. Experiments with trapped Bose condensed gases have revealed profound condensed matter behavior of these extremely dilute systems. The author describes the key features of this behavior and discusses theoretical approaches that are being used in the field of quantum gases. Methods of production and of detection of a BEC in gaseous phases are presented, the issue of the cooling of fermion gases and of Boson-fermions mixing is discussed. (A.C.)