Colorado
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Colorado, constituent state of the United States of America. It is classified as one of the Mountain states, although only about half of its area lies in the Rocky Mountains. It borders Wyoming and Nebraska to the north, Nebraska and Kansas to the east, Oklahoma and New Mexico to the south, and Utah to the west. Colorado was admitted to the union on August 1, 1876, as the 38th state. The capital is Denver.
Colorado’s history is written in the names of its cities, towns, mountain ranges, and passes. Native American, French, and Spanish names alternate with those of frontier Americans, and many ghost towns are reminders of the thousands of prospectors and homesteaders who streamed into the territory in the mid-19th century to pursue dreams of gold, silver, and grain bonanzas. Vast cattle ranges and agricultural acreage fed by huge irrigation projects are characteristic of present-day Colorado, as are the diversified industries and the educational and research facilities in the state’s urban centres. Area 104,094 square miles (269,603 square km). Population (2020) 5,773,714; (2023 est.) 5,877,610.
- Capital:
- Denver
- Population1:
- (2020) 5,773,714; (2023 est.) 5,877,610
- Governor:
- Jared Polis (Democrat)
- Date Of Admission:
- August 1, 1876
- U.S. Senators:
- Michael F. Bennet (Democrat)
- Cory Gardner (Republican)
- State Nickname:
- Centennial State
- State Motto:
- "Nil Sine Numine (Nothing Without Providence)"
- State Bird:
- lark bunting
- State Flower:
- white and lavender columbine
- State Song:
- “Where the Columbines Grow”
- “Rocky Mountain High”
- Seats In U.S. House Of Representatives:
- 7 of (435)
- Time Zone:
- Mountain (GMT − 7 hours)
- Total Area (Sq Km):
- 269,603
Land
Relief and drainage
Colorado’s natural landscape ranges from the flat grass-covered eastern plains—the High Plains of the Great Plains—through the rolling hilly Colorado Piedmont paralleling the Rocky Mountain front, to the high and numerous mountain ranges and plateaus in the western portion of the state that make up the southern Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau. Within those areas the state rises from about 3,350 feet (1,020 metres) in elevation in the east to more than 14,000 feet (4,300 metres) in the Rockies.
Lack of water is the dominant characteristic of Colorado’s eastern plains region. The Arkansas and South Platte are the state’s major eastern rivers, but both rise in the mountains to the west. Many other rivers are dry during much of the year, and the land is flat to gently rolling. Underlain by layered rocks, sandstones, shales, and limestones covered by short-grass vegetation, the natural environment is inhabited by prairie dogs, jackrabbits, coyotes, rattlesnakes, antelope, and such birds as the meadowlark and the lark bunting. The climate, flatness, and layered rocks have produced fertile soils that lack only moisture. Nearly all the plains are covered by brown soils, which support a strong mat of buffalo and grama grass, a valued resource for cattle grazing.
About 50 miles (80 km) wide and 275 miles (440 km) long, the Colorado Piedmont is a picturesque hilly to mountainous landscape sandwiched between the plains and the mountains. It encompasses all the state’s large urban complexes, its major transport arteries, most of its industry, most of its major colleges and universities, and four-fifths of its people. The layered rocks have been uptilted and dissected into prominent stream divides and deep valleys by the major rivers and numerous smaller streams that discharge onto the piedmont from the mountains. The terrain, ground cover, and climatic conditions provide suitable habitats for rabbits, waterfowl, pheasants, coyotes, deer, raccoon, and, on the arid foothills and unirrigated uplands, rattlesnakes. Many species of birds prevail, of which the meadowlark, the crow, the dove, and the western magpie are most numerous. The climate and land of the Colorado Piedmont attract tourists, homeseekers, and, beyond the rapidly growing urban centres, farmers. The major cities and the wealthy farm areas both lie where the streams have broadened the valleys. Among the attractive features of the landscape is the agglomeration of high, dramatically shaped red sandstone formations northwest of Colorado Springs known as the Garden of the Gods. In the foothills southwest of Denver is one of the world’s largest and most-beautiful outdoor amphitheatres, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre. Since 1880 more than 400 reservoirs have been built in the piedmont to store water for irrigation. Those sites are meccas for water sports, hunting, and house building.
The western half of Colorado includes the huge mountain upthrust, comprising much of the southern Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau, where mesas and mountain ranges alternate with broad intervening valleys and deep narrow canyons. With its copious precipitation, that mountain land provides water for six states and Mexico, principally via the Colorado River, which rises in the northern mountains and flows south and then west through the state until it enters eastern Utah. The drainage pattern from the Rockies is oriented by the mountains themselves, which form the Continental Divide, the main watershed boundary of the continent. The region west of the divide is commonly called the western slope.
The mountainous portion of Colorado comprises a great number of individual mountain ranges. In the north and northwest the Front Range, the Medicine Bow Mountains, the Park Range, and the Rabbit Ears Range are major uplifts, and Rocky Mountain National Park (established 1915) in the western part of the Front Range is a popular destination for tourists and outdoors enthusiasts. The western and southwestern extremities of the state comprise the tilted and acutely uplifted layered rock of the Colorado Plateau. The Grand Mesa and the White River Plateau, both above 10,000 feet (3,000 metres), are major attractions. The region contains several national monuments and parks, most of them primarily scenic, while Mesa Verde National Park, designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978, preserves the remnants of cliff-dwelling Native American settlements.
The San Juan Mountains—a large, heavily ice-dissected volcanic plateau—rises to over 13,000 feet (4,000 metres) in the southwest; within those mountains are the headwaters of the Rio Grande, one of the longest rivers in North America. The Sangre de Cristo Range is a linear range in the south-central region of the state. At its western base are some of the largest sand dunes in the interior of the North American continent, an area of 60 square miles (155 square km) set aside in 1932 as Great Sand Dunes National Monument and elevated to national park status and expanded to more than twice its original size in 2004.
The Sawatch, Colorado’s highest range and the central core of the Colorado Rockies, consists of Mount Elbert—at 14,440 feet (4,401 metres) the highest point in the state—and many other elevations above 14,000 feet. The Colorado Rockies contain a significant share of the U.S. public domain in the form of 11 national forests, which total about 22,000 square miles (57,000 square km) of land. (Another national forest lies partly in the state.) There are some 53 peaks above 14,000 feet in elevation and 831 peaks between 11,000 and 14,000 feet (3,400 and 4,300 metres).