Joseph Odongo

The advances in genetic analysis and manipulation
innovations in high- throughput DNA sequencing and editing
have been felt broadly and globally, starting from the work on
model organisms, evolutionary studies, agriculture to medical
applications. Genome editing has become a very important tool
in research, this technique can specifically modify individual
nucleotides in the genome of living cells, monitor and reduce off
target effects, and this actually brings new… Show more

The advances in genetic analysis and manipulation
innovations in high- throughput DNA sequencing and editing
have been felt broadly and globally, starting from the work on
model organisms, evolutionary studies, agriculture to medical
applications. Genome editing has become a very important tool
in research, this technique can specifically modify individual
nucleotides in the genome of living cells, monitor and reduce off
target effects, and this actually brings new opportunities within
range. The genome editing has a general applicability in
microbes, plants, human cells and animals; this makes it have a
very wide range of potential uses in tackling societal problems.
The potential applications of genome editing include, but are not
limited to gene and cell based therapies to control diseases and in
reproduction, preventions of inheritance of disease traits, control
of vector borne diseases, improved crop and livestock breeding
techniques, improved animal welfare, modification of animal
donors foe xenotransplantation, industrial microbial
biotechnology to generate biofuels and efficient production of
pharmaceutical drugs and other high value chemicals. The
advent of genome editing technology has evoked many
enthusiasm and controversy in the contrary. Many concerns
have been expressed especially in the African context for
example, the technology is not natural and there is gaps in our
technical knowhow that the impacts are uncertain and may be
inequitable, the current regulations cannot keep pace with the
rate of technological innovations. The current knowledge gaps
and uncertainties emphasize the need for more research with the
expectations that the research advances will fill many of the
current knowledge gaps and the progressive refinement of the
genome editing tools to ensure efficiency and specificity, thereby
reducing off-target effects. And addressing aspect of further
mutations. Show less

- The antimicrobial agents and vaccines are playing a
critical role in fighting infectious diseases. The impact of both the
vaccines and antimicrobial agents has been phenomenal across
the globe in reducing mortality and morbidity rate, thus being
hailed as the greatest accomplishments of modern medicine.
Both the vaccines and the antimicrobial agents commonly known
as the antibiotic act against causative agents of the infectious
disease in different ways. The antimicrobial… Show more

- The antimicrobial agents and vaccines are playing a
critical role in fighting infectious diseases. The impact of both the
vaccines and antimicrobial agents has been phenomenal across
the globe in reducing mortality and morbidity rate, thus being
hailed as the greatest accomplishments of modern medicine.
Both the vaccines and the antimicrobial agents commonly known
as the antibiotic act against causative agents of the infectious
disease in different ways. The antimicrobial agents are
therapeutic tools while the vaccines are the preventive tools thus
the latter is more of benefits since the prevention is better than
the cure. Antibiotics are short acting tools while the vaccines
have the long term impact and memory. The combination of
these tools are beneficial in containing and fighting antimicrobial
drug resistances incidences. Antimicrobial resistance is one of
the major challenge of the public health globally, many people
dies everyday due to antimicrobial resistance which is based on
the two major mechanism that is the survival instinct of bacteria
and indiscriminate use of antibiotics. The survival tactic of the
bacteria generates several mechanism in bacteria that conferred
resistance to the antimicrobial agents. This may also happen
rapidly and cumulatively giving rise to multi- antibiotic
resistance variance. The study paper aimed to identify
antimicrobial resistance, its public health implications and the
role played by vaccines in reducing antimicrobial resistance. It
was noted that vaccines play a critical role in reducing the
impact of the antimicrobial resistance thus the appropriate use
of the vaccines has successfully demonstrated the reduction
incidences of antimicrobial resistance, however, Multidisciplinary approach is required for progressive alternative
strategies including probiotics, antibodies, and vaccines that
have shown promising results in trials that suggest the role of
these alternatives as preventive or adjunct therapies in future. Show less

The introduction and scientific advancements in the artificial photosynthesis research aimed at achieving great potential by developing products that supplement our natural tree and forest plantations and in all scenarios for sustainable energy. The ever increasing incidences of carbon dioxide emissions by burning of fossil fuels remains the predominant driving force of global warming and related climate changes which have greater potential of catastrophic consequences, therefore its important… Show more

The introduction and scientific advancements in the artificial photosynthesis research aimed at achieving great potential by developing products that supplement our natural tree and forest plantations and in all scenarios for sustainable energy. The ever increasing incidences of carbon dioxide emissions by burning of fossil fuels remains the predominant driving force of global warming and related climate changes which have greater potential of catastrophic consequences, therefore its important that the current generation focus on the need to sustain nature, create a sustainable future or counter the incidences of ever increasing global warming in the globe, this also means that this generation have to change the production system both in the industrial production process and our living environment by adopting the technologies that supplement the role of natural tree plantations in the universe. This call for further research in many areas including advancing in the area of articial photosynthesis technology. The humanity has been and is always using solar energy artificially in many ways for instance the process of generation of electricity by the application of the photovoltaic solar panels, the process of installation of the solar collectors on building roofs for heating water, the process where solar energy is used artificially is the cultivation of plants and algae for the production of food and biofuels and many other aspects.The artificial photosynthetic technology ought not to be ignored by both developed and developing countries bearing in mind that we are living under one universe and the technology will offer greater solutions to adequately address the global warming menace. This publication is aimed at informing the general public on the essentials of sustainable approaches in the advancements on artificial photosynthesis research around the globe. Show less

Epstein Barr Virus is the causative agent of infectious
mononucleosis which is commonly diagnosed by detection of
antibodies in the patient's sera. The virus highly prevalent since
its affects more than 90% of individuals Worldwide and has been
linked to several to malignancies which are common after
transplantation. The objective of the research paper was to
standardize PCR targeting genes that codes for EBNA3C, LMP
and EBNA2 of EBV. I Twenty Peripheral blood specimens… Show more

Epstein Barr Virus is the causative agent of infectious
mononucleosis which is commonly diagnosed by detection of
antibodies in the patient's sera. The virus highly prevalent since
its affects more than 90% of individuals Worldwide and has been
linked to several to malignancies which are common after
transplantation. The objective of the research paper was to
standardize PCR targeting genes that codes for EBNA3C, LMP
and EBNA2 of EBV. I Twenty Peripheral blood specimens was
collected from 20 patients diagnosed to have infectious
mononucleosis and proven already positive for EBV by PCR
targeting VCA gene. All the PCR positive products were
subjected to DNA sequencing with forward and reverse primers.
Nucleotide sequence results were analyzed by BIOEDIT software
and found to have 96-100% homology with Human herpes virus
4 strain B95.8. The genotyping and identification of molecular
aspects of the virus leads to better understanding of the
mechanism of action of proteins and their role in the
development of different diseases. Using the standard serological
profile as the reference, the standardized PCR targeting EBNA2,
EBNA3C and LMP genes was carried out for 20 clinical
specimens. Out of 20 clinical specimens 18 (80%) (Table 5)
clinical specimens were positive for the EBV type1 with EBNA2,
EBNA3C and LMP genes indicating a band at 378bp, 153bp and
160bp respectively.. All clinical specimens showed negative for
the EBV type2 gene. Thus indicating that EBV type1 gene is
most prevalent in the Chennai population. From my research I
do summarize that EBV type 1 was found to be predominant in
Chennai from the given blood sample which were positive for the
infectious mononucleosis. Show less

The field of synthetic biology poses greater potentials
with growing number of applications that can transform various
sectors of the economy geared towards green technology. The
potentials and essentials that synthetic biology poses in the
pharmaceutical, agricultural, chemical production and energy
sectors propose for better solutions to some of the greatest
environmental challenges of our time, such as climate change due
to global warming, water scarcity, pollution's and… Show more

The field of synthetic biology poses greater potentials
with growing number of applications that can transform various
sectors of the economy geared towards green technology. The
potentials and essentials that synthetic biology poses in the
pharmaceutical, agricultural, chemical production and energy
sectors propose for better solutions to some of the greatest
environmental challenges of our time, such as climate change due
to global warming, water scarcity, pollution's and many others
thus can be considered as the modern day epitome of disruptive
innovations since it creates a new market and value network that
will eventually disrupts an existing market and value network,
displacing established market-leading firms, products, and
alliances in biotechnology. Disruptive innovation was a term of
art coined by Clayton Christensen, describes a process by which
a product or service begins at the bottom of a market trend and
then exponentially moves up ladder disrupting or displacing
already established competitors in that particular
field. According to the disruptive innovation theory not all
innovations are disruptive, even if they are revolutionary. This
review paper focuses on the potentials of the synthetic biology
and emerging ethical concerns associated with innovative
potentials of the emerging field of synthetic biology and why
research institutions should focus more on synthetic biology as
consortium of the modern advances in inventions and
innovations and by examining the emerging global trends and
problems, and looking for solutions and applications, it is
affirmative that synthetic biology is a game-changing technology
for the future since there are many exciting applications that
directly address global needs in a fundamental way. Show less