Why Pakistan Needs a Brutal Accountability Narrative?

By Amir Jahangir

Pakistan, a nation rich in potential, finds itself trapped in a complexity of corruption and impunity. Decades of bad governance, political maneuvering, and a deeply entrenched culture of nepotism have eroded the very foundations of accountability. From the highest echelons of power to the everyday interactions of ordinary citizens, the lack of transparency and consequences for wrongdoing has become a pervasive norm.

This systemic failure is not merely a matter of moral decay; it has tangible and devastating consequences. The economy bleeds billions annually as corrupt officials siphon off funds meant for public services. Schools crumble, hospitals lack basic supplies, and infrastructure projects languish, while those in power amass fortunes. The social fabric frays as citizens lose faith in their institutions, fueling resentment and instability.

The erosion of public trust in institutions and their leadership is a clear indication of widespread frustration and disillusionment within society. This loss of faith not only reflects the perceived failures of those in power but also highlights a deeper, collective inability to think and plan for a shared future.

When people no longer believe that their leaders and institutions are acting in their best interest, it creates a sense of hopelessness and detachment that undermines the very fabric of society. This collective frustration can stifle progress as the public becomes less engaged and less willing to participate in the governance processes that are crucial for building a better future.

Pakistan stands at a crossroads. The path of least resistance, of maintaining the status quo, leads only to further decline. But there is another path, one that demands courage and resolve. It is the path of brutal accountability - a system that holds every citizen, regardless of rank or privilege, to the same exacting standards. It is a path that may be fraught with challenges, but it is the only path that offers hope for a brighter future. Pakistan needs a brutal accountability regime not as a punitive measure, but as a transformative force, one that can break the cycle of corruption, restore public trust, and unleash the nation's true potential.

In the landscape of governance and statecraft, accountability serves as the bedrock of a functioning democracy. For a country like Pakistan, which has witnessed cycles of political instability, corruption, and weak governance, the need for a robust and unforgiving accountability regime cannot be overstated. As the nation grapples with economic challenges, social inequality, and security threats, it is crucial to establish a framework that ensures transparency, deters corruption, and fosters a culture of integrity.

Pakistan's struggle with corruption is well-documented and pervasive across multiple sectors, including politics, bureaucracy, and even the judiciary. The country scored a mere 29 out of 100 on Transparency International's 2023 Corruption Perception Index, placing it at a dismal 133rd out of 180 evaluated nations. While this represents a slight improvement from the previous year, it underscores the deeply ingrained perception of corruption within Pakistan's public sector. This troubling reality not only erodes public trust but also severely hampers economic progress and social stability, making the need for a robust accountability regime even more urgent.

Corruption has a trickle-down effect, permeating every level of society. From bribery in government offices to the embezzlement of public funds by officials, corruption exacerbates inequality, deprives citizens of essential services, and stifles development. A brutal accountability regime is necessary to combat this deeply ingrained problem, ensuring that those who engage in corrupt practices are held to account, regardless of their position or influence.

The economic toll of corruption in Pakistan is staggering. It drains resources that could otherwise be used for development projects, healthcare, education, and infrastructure. The misallocation of funds due to corrupt practices and incompetent visions leads to inefficient public spending, undermining economic stability and growth. Moreover, corruption deters foreign investment, as investors are wary of entering markets where the rule of law is weak and corruption is rampant.

A stringent accountability regime would not only curb corruption but also instill confidence in both domestic and international investors. By demonstrating a commitment to transparency and good governance, Pakistan can attract investment, foster economic growth, and ultimately improve the standard of living for its citizens.

One of the most significant barriers to effective accountability in Pakistan is the lack of political will. Politicians and officials often have vested interests in maintaining the status quo, where corruption and nepotism flourish. This reluctance to enforce accountability measures creates a culture of impunity, where individuals in power feel they can act without consequence.

Politicians are often perceived as the principal curators of corruption within society, a view rooted in the observable interplay between power and unethical practices. This perception arises from numerous instances where political figures leverage their positions for personal gain, undermine public trust, and perpetuate a culture of impunity. As custodians of governance, politicians are expected to uphold integrity and transparency, yet when they engage in or tolerate corrupt practices, they not only violate these principles but also reinforce societal cynicism. This entrenched perception is fueled by high-profile scandals, systemic favoritism, and a lack of effective accountability mechanisms. Consequently, the public's disillusionment deepens, as they see politicians not as reformers or public servants, but as architects of a system where corruption thrives unchecked, thus eroding the very foundations of democratic governance and public confidence.

The recent arrest of Lieutenant General Faiz Hameed, Pakistan’s former ISI chief, and his subsequent court-martial marks an unprecedented moment in the country’s history. This event is not just a legal and military development; it has far-reaching implications for public perception of corruption, accountability, and the integrity of Pakistan’s armed forces.

Perception of Corruption and Accountability

In a country where the military is often seen as an untouchable institution, Faiz Hameed's arrest sends a powerful message. For decades, the military has been viewed as a bastion of discipline and integrity, often held above the corruption scandals that plague civilian leadership. However, Hameed’s involvement in alleged land grabbing and misuse of power tarnishes this image, raising critical questions about the extent of corruption within even the most revered institutions.

Public perception is crucial in maintaining the legitimacy of any institution. The fact that a high-ranking military officer, who once held one of the most powerful intelligence positions in the country, is being held accountable for corruption, could be seen as a significant step toward transparency. However, it also risks deepening public skepticism about the overall integrity of the armed forces, especially if the process is perceived as selective or politically motivated.

Moreover, the arrest could have internal repercussions within the armed forces. It may create divisions or distrust among the ranks, particularly if some perceive the move as politically motivated rather than a genuine effort to root out corruption. This could undermine the cohesion and effectiveness of the military, particularly at a time when Pakistan faces significant internal and external challenges.

Government’s Inability to Handle Corruption

The government's role in this situation is equally significant. If the public perceives that the arrest of Faiz Hameed is merely a one-off event, designed to appease public sentiment or settle political scores, it could backfire. The arrest might be seen as a token gesture rather than a part of a broader, more systematic effort to tackle corruption at all levels of government and society.

This incident underscores the ongoing challenge for Pakistan’s government - to demonstrate that it can effectively address corruption not just within the military, but across all sectors. The government’s failure to consistently apply accountability measures could lead to further erosion of public trust, making it even more difficult to govern effectively.

The arrest of a former ISI chief like Faiz Hameed is not an isolated event; it is a reflection of the deep and complex interplay between Pakistan’s military, judiciary, and civilian government. The decision to arrest and court martial such a high-profile figure suggests that the current leadership is attempting to reassert control and restore discipline within the military. However, the move also risks destabilizing the delicate balance of power that has long characterized civil-military relations in Pakistan.

If the process is handled transparently and fairly, it could set a new precedent for accountability in Pakistan, potentially paving the way for more comprehensive reforms.

A brutal accountability regime would require a shift in this dynamic, ensuring that no one is above the law. It would necessitate the establishment of independent institutions, free from political interference, to investigate and prosecute cases of corruption. This approach would not only deter corrupt practices but also promote a culture of integrity within the government.

For an accountability regime to be effective, it must be supported by strong institutions. This includes an independent judiciary, a transparent electoral process, and robust anti-corruption agencies. These institutions must be empowered to act without fear of reprisal and must have the resources necessary to carry out their mandates.

A comparative table below outlines the basic differences in structure and power between the U.S. Office of Inspector General (OIG), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the USA, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in India, the UK's Serious Fraud Office (SFO), the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) in Pakistan, and the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) of Pakistan:

The U.S. Office of Inspector General (OIG), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States, the UK's Serious Fraud Office (SFO), the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in India, the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) in Pakistan, and the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) of Pakistan are distinct entities with varied structures and powers tailored to their respective jurisdictions. The CBI is a centralized agency under India's Ministry of Personnel, tasked with investigating a wide range of criminal activities, including corruption and economic crimes. In contrast, the U.S. OIG functions independently within individual federal agencies, focusing on preventing fraud, waste, and abuse, and reporting directly to the agency heads and Congress. The FBI, operating under the U.S. Department of Justice, has broad powers to investigate federal crimes, counterterrorism, and cybersecurity. The UK's SFO, an independent government department, uniquely combines the roles of investigation and prosecution, specializing in serious fraud, bribery, and corruption cases. Pakistan's FIA, under the Ministry of Interior, handles federal crimes with a focus on anti-terrorism, cybercrimes, and immigration, while NAB, an autonomous agency, is dedicated to anti-corruption efforts, reporting directly to the President of Pakistan but functioning independently. Each of these agencies, while sharing the common goal of upholding justice, operates within different frameworks that reflect their respective legal and governmental structures.

The FBI, OIG, CBI, and the SFO serve as examples of institutions that are expected to function without external pressures, ensuring that justice is served regardless of who is involved. Their perceived independence is crucial for maintaining public trust and ensuring that the legal system operates fairly and effectively. These agencies are seen as the guardians of law and order, where no one is above the law, and their reputations hinge on their ability to act without fear or favor.

The challenges faced by these institutions, particularly when dealing with high-profile cases involving powerful individuals or entities, underscore the importance of protecting their independence. Any erosion of their autonomy or integrity could significantly undermine public confidence, which is why it is essential for these institutions to remain vigilant in maintaining their standards and resisting undue influence.

The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) and the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) in Pakistan, for instance, have often been criticized for their selective targeting and lack of transparency. To address these concerns, reforms are needed to ensure that accountability bodies operate with impartiality and fairness. This would involve appointing qualified and non-partisan individuals to key positions and establishing clear guidelines for the investigation and prosecution of corruption cases.

To enhance the service and accountability delivery of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) and the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) in Pakistan, a range of reforms are needed to address current challenges and improve overall effectiveness.

For NAB, legislative reforms are essential to refine its legal framework. Clearer mandates should be established to define the scope and powers of the bureau, minimizing ambiguities that could lead to misuse. Additionally, creating an independent oversight body would ensure that NAB's decisions and processes are subject to external review, promoting accountability and transparency. Operational efficiency can be significantly improved by implementing a modern case management system to streamline investigations, track progress, and reduce delays. Adequate resource allocation is also crucial, including the provision of specialized training for investigators and prosecutors to enhance their capabilities.

Increasing transparency and accountability is another vital reform area. NAB should regularly publish performance reports, including statistics on cases, convictions, and pending investigations. This would help in building public trust. The last annual report of the National Accountability Buearu is from 2022, highlighting and documenting the progress made in 2021.

Additionally, strengthening mechanisms to protect whistleblowers would encourage the reporting of corruption and ensure that those who come forward are safeguarded. Improving coordination with other law enforcement and investigative agencies is also important to avoid duplication of efforts and to ensure a unified approach in combating corruption.

For FIA, legislative updates are necessary to address contemporary challenges such as cybercrime and terrorism-related offenses. Aligning the agency’s legal framework with international standards will help in tackling these issues more effectively. Operational improvements include investing in advanced technology and forensic tools to handle complex investigations, especially in the realm of cybercrime and the generative artificial intelligence (AI). Developing specialized units for various types of crimes, such as financial crimes and human trafficking, with dedicated resources and expertise, will enhance the agency’s capability to address specific issues more efficiently.

Enhanced training is crucial for FIA personnel. Specialized programs in areas such as cybercrime, counter-terrorism, and forensic analysis should be offered to keep up with evolving threats. Leadership development and management skills training for senior officials will also improve organizational efficiency. Public engagement and transparency measures, such as public awareness campaigns and regular updates on high-profile cases, are important for building trust and encouraging public cooperation. Implementing measures to increase transparency in FIA operations will also contribute to public confidence.

Finally, ensuring adequate and sustained funding is essential for the FIA to support its operational needs, including personnel, technology, and infrastructure. Improved coordination with national and international law enforcement agencies will enhance the effectiveness of investigations and enforcement actions. These comprehensive reforms can help NAB and FIA become more effective, transparent, and trusted in their roles, ultimately leading to better service and justice delivery.

The social fabric of Pakistan is also at stake when corruption goes unchecked. It fosters cynicism among the populace, leading to a sense of hopelessness and apathy. When people believe that the system is rigged in favor of the powerful, they are less likely to engage in civic activities or trust public institutions.

The data above presents a picture of improving ethical perceptions of Pakistani politicians over time, with a notable surge in recent years. This positive trend could be attributed to heightened media scrutiny, which has played a crucial role in holding politicians accountable. The narrative surrounding accountability and corruption, combined with increased exposure and accessibility of information through various mediums, has likely contributed to a more informed and engaged citizenry that demands higher ethical standards from elected officials. This heightened public awareness, alongside the media’s role as a vigilant watchdog, has incentivized politicians to adhere more closely to ethical norms, driven by the fear of public backlash and reputational damage. The media's capacity to highlight instances of misconduct and corruption has acted as a deterrent, fostering a notable improvement in ethical perceptions. However, the slight dip observed in 2022 indicates that challenges persist, underscoring the continued necessity for the media’s vigilance in maintaining ethical standards in Pakistani politics.

Narratology, the study of narratives and storytelling, offers valuable insights for enhancing public trust in accountability and justice. By focusing on how stories are constructed and communicated, organizations like the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) and the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) can improve their transparency and public perception. Crafting narratives that clearly explain processes, decisions, and outcomes can make complex procedures more accessible and understandable to the public. Presenting case studies and investigative reports in a narrative format, which highlights key milestones and results, helps demystify the work of these agencies and underscores their impact.

Additionally, narratology can humanize institutions by focusing on personal stories and real-life examples. Sharing stories of individuals affected by corruption or crime, and the positive changes resulting from accountability efforts, can create an emotional connection with the public. This humanizing approach builds empathy and trust, as people are more likely to support and trust organizations that they perceive as compassionate and relatable.

Narratology also plays a crucial role in structuring narratives that emphasize accountability. By clearly outlining how decisions are made, the rationale behind actions, and the steps taken to address issues, agencies can demonstrate their commitment to accountability. Regularly sharing these narratives through various media helps keep the public informed about ongoing efforts and achievements, reinforcing the perception of integrity and responsiveness.

Moreover, effective storytelling can counteract misinformation and misconceptions. By proactively communicating accurate and coherent stories about their activities and achievements, agencies can address and correct false narratives. Engaging storytelling that provides clear, fact-based explanations helps mitigate skepticism and build trust.

Incorporating diverse perspectives into narratives is another key aspect of narratology. Highlighting stories from various stakeholders, including marginalized or underrepresented groups, demonstrates a commitment to inclusivity and fairness. This approach broadens the appeal of messages and reassures the public that all voices are considered in the pursuit of justice.

Consistency in messaging and brand narrative is also vital. Developing a coherent narrative that aligns with an agency’s values, mission, and successes helps build a strong and trustworthy brand. Narratology can guide the creation of a brand narrative that is honest, clear, and reflective of the agency’s true values and accomplishments.

Finally, storytelling can be a powerful educational tool. By explaining complex legal and procedural concepts in a relatable way, agencies can help the public better understand their roles and functions. Educational campaigns that employ narrative techniques can demystify the process of justice and accountability, fostering a more informed and engaged public.

Incorporating narratology into communication strategies thus plays a crucial role in enhancing public trust. Clear, brutal, relatable, and transparent narratives build a stronger connection with the public, demonstrating a commitment to accountability and justice engagingly and understandably.

Restoring public trust and national pride in Pakistan requires a profound and strategic shift towards effective narratology. Crafting a compelling and transparent narrative about the country's commitment to integrity and accountability is crucial. By addressing the root causes of corruption and reinforcing institutional strength with a clear, honest communication strategy, Pakistan can dismantle the cycle of distrust and corruption that has hindered its progress. This is not just about implementing policies but about weaving a narrative that resonates with the citizens' values and aspirations. A decisive and unrelenting approach communicated effectively, will help rebuild confidence in the nation’s governance and foster a sense of shared purpose. Only through such a narrative can Pakistan inspire its 250 million people and realize its full potential as a thriving and democratic society.

Amir Jahangir, a global competitiveness, risk, and development expert, leads Mishal Pakistan, the country partner institute of the New Economy and Societies Platform at the World Economic Forum. As a leading narratologist and an expert on Artificial Intelligence (AI) policy for technology, and governance, he is an alumnus of Harvard Law School’s Program on Negotiation (PON), affiliated with Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Tufts University since 2008. Jahangir is also an alumnus of the National Defence University Islamabad, and the Harvard Kennedy School of Government's Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security, he can be reached at aj@mishal.com.pk and @amirjahangir on X/Twitter.