PANAX GINSENG: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng, is an herb that has been used for various health purposes. It should not be confused with other forms of ginseng.

Panax ginseng is a plant that grows in Korea, China, and Siberia. It's considered an adaptogen, which are natural substances that are believed to stimulate the body's resistance to stressors. Panax ginseng contains many active chemicals. The most important are called ginsenosides or panaxosides.

Panax ginseng is taken by mouth for memory and thinking skills, Alzheimer disease, depression, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these uses.

Don't confuse Panax ginseng with other plants sometimes referred to as ginseng like American ginseng, Blue Cohosh, Canaigre, Codonopsis, Eleuthero, or Panax Notoginseng. These are different plants with different effects.

Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for

Memory and thinking skills (cognitive function). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth might improve thinking, arithmetic skills, and reaction times in healthy, middle-aged people but not in young adults. Taking panax ginseng alone doesn't seem to help memory, but taking it with ginkgo leaf extract seems to improve memory in healthy people between the ages of 38 and 66.
Erectile dysfunction (ED). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth seems to improve sexual function in adults with ED.
Flu (influenza). Taking a specific Panax ginseng extract by mouth appears to reduce the risk of getting a cold or the flu. But it doesn't seem to reduce flu symptoms or the length of the illness.
Fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Taking Panax ginseng by mouth daily for 3 months reduces feelings of tiredness and improves quality of life in females with MS.
Increasing response to sexual stimuli in healthy people. Taking Panax ginseng alone or with other ingredients by mouth seems to improve sexual arousal and satisfaction in postmenopausal adults. It also seems to improve sexual desire in females who report sexual problems.

Possibly Ineffective for

Athletic performance. Taking Panax ginseng by mouth for up to 8 weeks doesn't improve athletic performance.

There is interest in using panax ginseng for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Panax ginseng is likely safe when taken for up to 6 months. Panax ginseng is possibly unsafe when taken for more than 6 months. It might have some hormone-like effects that could be harmful when used long-term. The most common side effect is trouble sleeping. Uncommon side effects that have been reported include severe rash, liver damage, and severe allergic reactions.

When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if Panax ginseng is safe. It might cause side effects such as irritation and burning.

Special Precautions and Warnings

Pregnancy: Panax ginseng is possibly unsafe when taken by mouth during pregnancy. One of the chemicals in Panax ginseng has been found to cause birth defects in animals. Do not use Panax ginseng if you are pregnant.

Breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if Panax ginseng is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Children: Panax ginseng is likely unsafe in infants and children. Panax ginseng has been linked to fatal poisoning in newborns. It's not clear if it's safe in older children. Until more is known, do not use Panax ginseng in children.

"Auto-immune diseases" such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or other conditions: Panax ginseng seems to increase the activity of the immune system. It might make auto-immune diseases worse. Don't use Panax ginseng if you have any auto-immune condition.

Bleeding conditions: Panax ginseng seems to interfere with blood clotting. Don't use Panax ginseng if you have a bleeding condition.

Heart conditions: Panax ginseng can affect heart rhythm and blood pressure slightly on the first day it is used. Use Panax ginseng with caution if you have heart disease.

Hormone-sensitive conditions such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids: Panax ginseng contains chemicals (ginsenosides) that can act like estrogen. If you have any condition that might be made worse by exposure to estrogen, don't use Panax ginseng.

Trouble sleeping (insomnia): High doses of Panax ginseng have been linked with insomnia. If you have trouble sleeping, use Panax ginseng with caution.

Suppressed immune system: Panax ginseng might make the immune system more active. This could interfere with the effects of medications that suppress the immune system, such as those given after an organ transplant. If your immune system is suppressed, don't use Panax ginseng.

Schizophrenia: High doses of Panax ginseng have been linked with sleep problems and agitation in people with schizophrenia. Be careful when using Panax ginseng if you have schizophrenia.

Interactions

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

Caffeine interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Caffeine can speed up the nervous system. Panax ginseng might also speed up the nervous system. Taking Panax ginseng along with caffeine might increase the risk for side effects, including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking caffeine along with Panax ginseng.
Furosemide (Lasix) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might decrease how well furosemide works. But there isn't enough information to know if this is a big concern.
Insulin interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might decrease blood sugar. Insulin is also used to decrease blood sugar. Taking Panax ginseng along with insulin might cause your blood sugar to be too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your insulin might need to be changed.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Panax ginseng might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications for depression (MAOIs) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Taking Panax ginseng with MAOIs might increase the risk for certain side effects, such as anxiousness, headache, restlessness, and insomnia.

Some common MAOIs include phenelzine (Nardil), selegiline (Zelapar), and tranylcypromine (Parnate).
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might lower blood sugar levels. Taking panax ginseng along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.
Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng can increase the activity of the immune system. Some medications, such as those used after a transplant, decrease the activity of the immune system. Taking panax ginseng along with these medications might decrease the effects of these medications.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might slow blood clotting. Taking panax ginseng along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Stimulant drugs interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Stimulant drugs speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and speed up your heartbeat. Panax ginseng might also speed up the nervous system. Taking Panax ginseng along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking stimulant drugs along with Panax ginseng.
Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Warfarin is used to slow blood clotting. Panax ginseng might decrease the effects of warfarin. But it's not clear if this interaction is a big problem. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin might need to be changed.
Estrogens interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might have some of the same effects as estrogen. Taking Panax ginseng along with estrogen pills might decrease the effects of estrogen.
Medications that can cause an irregular heartbeat (QT interval-prolonging drugs) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might affect electrical currents in the heart. This can increase the risk of having an irregular heartbeat. Some medications can have this same effect. Taking panax ginseng with these medications might increase the risk for a serious heart issue.
Nifedipine (Procardia) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might affect how much nifedipine is available in the body. Taking Panax ginseng along with nifedipine might increase the effects and side effects of nifedipine.
Raltegravir (Isentress) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Raltegravir has been associated with liver toxicity in some people. Taking Panax ginseng with raltegravir might increase the risk of liver toxicity in some people taking raltegravir.
Imatinib (Gleevec) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down imatinib. Taking Panax ginseng with imatinib might increase the effects and side effects of imatinib.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Panax ginseng might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Midazolam (Versed) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might increase how quickly the liver breaks down midazolam. Taking Panax ginseng with midazolam may decrease the effects of midazolam.
Selegiline (Eldepryl) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Panax ginseng might decrease or increase how much selegiline is absorbed by the body. This might change the effects and side effects of selegiline.

Minor Interaction

Be watchful with this combination

Fexofenadine (Allegra) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Fexofenadine is taken to treat seasonal allergies. Panax ginseng might reduce how much fexofenadine is available in the body. But there isn't enough information to know if this is a big concern.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) substrates) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Panax ginseng might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra) interacts with PANAX GINSENG
Lopinavir/ritonavir is changed and broken down by the liver. Panax ginseng might affect how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. But Panax ginseng does not seem to affect how quickly the liver breaks down lopinavir/ritonavir in humans. So this interaction is probably not a big concern.

Dosing

Panax ginseng has most often been used by adults in doses of 200 mg to 3 grams by mouth daily for up to 12 weeks. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what dose might be best for a specific condition.

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Jung JS, Shin JA, Park EM, Lee JE, Kang YS, Min SW, Kim DH, Hyun JW, Shin CY, Kim HS. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginsenoside Rh1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia: critical role of the protein kinase A pathway and hemeoxygenase-1 expression. J Neurochem 2010;115(6):1668-80. View abstract.

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Kim KR, Chung TY, Shin H, Son SH, Park KK, Choi JH, Chung WY. Red ginseng saponin extract attenuates murine collagen-induced arthritis by reducing pro-inflammatory responses and matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression. Biol Pharm Bull 2010;33(4):604-10. View abstract.

Kim SH, Cho SS, Simkhada JR, Lee HJ, Kim SW, Kim TS, Yoo JC. Enhancement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3- and all-trans retinoic acid-induced HL-60 leukemia cell differentiation by Panax ginseng. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009;73(5):1048-53. View abstract.

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Kim, J. H., Park, C. Y., and Lee, S. J. Effects of sun ginseng on subjective quality of life in cancer patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2006;31(4):331-334. View abstract.

Kim, J. H., Yoon, I. S., Lee, B. H., Choi, S. H., Lee, J. H., Lee, J. H., Jeong, S. M., Kim, S. C., Park, C. K., Lee, S. M., and Nah, S. Y. Effects of Korean red ginseng extract on cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. Arch Pharm Res 2005;28(6):680-684. View abstract.

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Kim, T. H., Jeon, S. H., Hahn, E. J., Paek, K. Y., Park, J. K., Youn, N. Y., and Lee, H. L. Effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) extract on male patients with erectile dysfunction. Asian J Androl 2009;11(3):356-361. View abstract.

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Korshnyak V?, Pulyk ?R, Stoyanov ?M. REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH LONG-TERM AFTEREFFECTS OF MILD COMBAT TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. Wiad Lek 2022;75(1 pt 2):300-303. View abstract.

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Kwak YS, Kyung JS, Kim JS, Cho JY, Rhee MH. Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng. Biol Pharm Bull 2010;33(3):468-72. View abstract.

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Kwon, K. R., Kim, H., Kim, J. S., Yoo, H. S., and Cho, C. K. Case series of non-small cell lung cancer treated with mountain Ginseng pharmacopuncture. J Acupunct.Meridian.Stud. 2011;4(1):61-68. View abstract.

Le Gal M, Cathebras P, and Struby K. Pharmaton capsules in the treatment of functional fatigue. A double-blind study versus placebo evaluated by a new methodology. Phytotherapy Research 1996;10(1):49-53.

Lee B, Park J, Kwon S, Park MW, Oh SM, Yeom MJ, Shim I, Lee HJ, Hahm DH. Effect of wild ginseng on scopolamine-induced acetylcholine depletion in the rat hippocampus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010;62(2):263-71. View abstract.

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Lee CS, Lee JH, Oh M, Choi KM, Jeong MR, Park JD, Kwon DY, Ha KC, Park EO, Lee N, Kim SY, Choi EK, Kim MG, Chae SW. Preventive effect of Korean red ginseng for acute respiratory illness: a randomized and double-blind clinical trial. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27(12):1472-8. View abstract.

Lee CW, You BH, Yim S, et al. Change of metformin concentrations in the liver as a pharmacological target site of metformin after long-term combined treatment with ginseng berry extract. Front Pharmacol 2023;14:1148155. View abstract.

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Lee J, Lee A, Kim JH, et al. Effect of Omega-3 and Korean Red Ginseng on Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Open-Label Pilot Study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2020;18(1):75-80. View abstract.

Lee J, Lee E, Kim D, Lee J, Yoo J, Koh B. Studies on absorption, distribution and metabolism of ginseng in humans after oral administration. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;122(1):143-8. View abstract.

Lee JH, Cho SH. Korean red ginseng extract ameliorates skin lesions in NC/Nga mice: an atopic dermatitis model. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;133(2):810-7. View abstract.

Lee JK, Kang HW, Kim JH, Lim YJ, Koh MS, Lee JH. Effects of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant to bile acids in medical dissolution therapy for gallstones: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot trial. Food Funct 2013;4(1):116-20. View abstract.

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Lee KD, Huemer RP. Antitumoral activity of Panax ginseng extracts. Jpn J Pharmacol 1971;21(3):299-302. View abstract.

Lee KH, Bahk WM, Lee SJ, Pae CU. Effectiveness and tolerability of Korean red ginseng augmentation in major depressive disorder patients with difficult-to-treat in routine practice. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2020;18(4):621-6. View abstract.

Lee LS, Stephenson KK, Fahey JW, Parsons TL, Lietman PS, Andrade AS, Lei X, Yun H, Soon GH, Shen P, Danishefsky S, Flexner C. Induction of chemoprotective phase 2 enzymes by ginseng and its components. Planta Med 2009;75(10):1129-33. View abstract.

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Lee S, Jung S, You H, et al. Effect of Fermented Red Ginseng Concentrate Intake on Stool Characteristic, Biochemical Parameters, and Gut Microbiota in Elderly Korean Women. Nutrients 2022;14(9):1693. View abstract.

Lee SD, Park SK, Lee ES, Kim HM, Lee CW, Lee K, Lee KH, Kang MR, Lee KS, Lee J, Hwang WI, Kim DC. A lipid-soluble red ginseng extract inhibits the growth of human lung tumor xenografts in nude mice. J Med Food 2010;13(1):1-5. View abstract.

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Lee WH, Choi JS, Kim HY, Park JH, Park BD, Cho SJ, Lee SK, Surh YJ. Potentiation of etoposide-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by co-treatment with KG-135, a quality-controlled standardized ginsenoside formulation. Cancer Lett 2010;294(1):74-81. View abstract.

Lee Y, Jin Y, Lim W, Ji S, Choi S, Jang S, Lee S. A ginsenoside-Rh1, a component of ginseng saponin, activates estrogen receptor in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003;84(4):463-8. View abstract.

Lee YJ, Jin YR, Lim WC, et al. Ginsenoside-Rb1 acts as a weak phytoestrogen in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res 2003;26:58-63.. View abstract.

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Lee, J. H., Kwon, K. R., Cho, C. K., Han, S. S., and Yoo, H. S. Advanced cancer cases treated with cultivated wild ginseng phamacopuncture. J Acupunct.Meridian.Stud. 2010;3(2):119-124. View abstract.

Lee, J. S., Kwon, K. A., Jung, H. S., Kim, J. H., and Hahm, K. B. Korea red ginseng on Helicobacter pylori-induced halitosis: newer therapeutic strategy and a plausible mechanism. Digestion 2009;80(3):192-199. View abstract.

Lee, S. T., Chu, K., Sim, J. Y., Heo, J. H., and Kim, M. Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis.Assoc.Disord. 2008;22(3):222-226. View abstract.

Lee, Y. H., Lee, B. K., Choi, Y. J., Yoon, I. K., Chang, B. C., and Gwak, H. S. Interaction between warfarin and Korean red ginseng in patients with cardiac valve replacement. Int J Cardiol. 11-19-2010;145(2):275-276. View abstract.

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Liang W, Ge S, Yang L, Yang M, Ye Z, Yan M, Du J, Luo Z. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 promote proliferation and expression of neurotrophic factors in primary Schwann cell cultures. Brain Res 2010;1357:19-25. View abstract.

Lim YJ, Na HS, Yun YS, Choi IS, Oh JS, Rhee JH, Cho BH, Lee HC. Suppressive effects of ginsan on the development of allergic reaction in murine asthmatic model. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009;150(1):32-42. View abstract.

Liu GY, Li XW, Wang NB, Zhou HY, Wei W, Gui MY, Yang B, Jin YR. Three new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2010;12(10):865-73. View abstract.

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Liu Z, Wang LJ, Li X, Hu JN, Chen Y, Ruan CC, Sun GZ. Hypoglycemic effects of malonyl-ginsenosides extracted from roots of Panax ginseng on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Phytother Res 2009;23(10):1426-30. View abstract.

Liu, P., Xu, Y., Yin, H., Wang, J., Chen, K., and Li, Y. Developmental toxicity research of ginsenoside Rb1 using a whole mouse embryo culture model. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2005;74(2):207-209. View abstract.

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Lueangarun S, Panchaprateep R. An Herbal Extract Combination (Biochanin A, Acetyl tetrapeptide-3, and Ginseng Extracts) versus 3% Minoxidil Solution for the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia: A 24-week, Prospective, Randomized, Triple-blind, Controlled Trial. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2020;13(10):32-37. View abstract.

Malati CY, Robertson SM, Hunt JD, Chairez C, Alfaro RM, Kovacs JA, Penzak SR. Influence of Panax ginseng on cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity in healthy participants. J Clin Pharmacol 2012;52(6):932-9. View abstract.

Mariage PA, Hovhannisyan A, Panossian AG. Efficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer Herbal Preparation HRG80 in Preventing and Mitigating Stress-Induced Failure of Cognitive Functions in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(4):E57. View abstract.

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Mateo-Carrasco, H., Galvez-Contreras, M. C., Fernandez-Gines, F. D., and Nguyen, T. V. Elevated liver enzymes resulting from an interaction between Raltegravir and Panax ginseng: a case report and brief review. Drug Metabol.Drug Interact. 2012;27(3):171-175. View abstract.

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Ni, H. X., Yu, N. J., and Yang, X. H. The study of ginsenoside on PPARgamma expression of mononuclear macrophage in type 2 diabetes. Mol.Biol Rep. 2010;37(6):2975-2979. View abstract.

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Oh MR, Park SH, Kim SY, Back HI, Kim MG, Jeon JY, Ha KC, Na WT, Cha YS, Park BH, Park TS, Chae SW. Postprandial glucose-lowering effects of fermented red ginseng in subjects with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:237. View abstract.

Oh, K. J., Chae, M. J., Lee, H. S., Hong, H. D., and Park, K. Effects of Korean red ginseng on sexual arousal in menopausal women: placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover clinical study. J Sex Med 2010;7(4 Pt 1):1469-1477. View abstract.

Oyagi A, Ogawa K, Kakino M, Hara H. Protective effects of a gastrointestinal agent containing Korean red ginseng on gastric ulcer models in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2010;10:45. View abstract.

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Palop-Larrea V, Gonzalvez-Perales JL, Catalan-Oliver C, et al. Metrorrhagia and ginseng. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:1347-8. View abstract.

Pan SJ, Ding Z, Ivy JL. Ginseng's effects on glucose tolerance and mRNA profiles in a animal model of Type II diabetes. Altern Ther 2001;7:S26.

Park EK, Choo MK, Han MJ, Kim DH. Ginsenoside Rh1 possesses antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activities. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004;133(2):113-20. View abstract.

Park EK, Choo MK, Kim EJ, Han MJ, Kim DH. Antiallergic activity of ginsenoside Rh2. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26(11):1581-4. View abstract.

Park HJ, Kim JH, Shim I. Anti-obesity Effects of Ginsenosides in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. Chin J Integr Med. 2019;25(12):895-901. View abstract.

Park HJ, Lee JH, Song YB, Park KH. Effects of dietary supplementation of lipophilic fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and cAMP in rat platelets and on blood coagulation. Biol Pharm Bull 1996;19:1434-9. View abstract.

Park HJ, Rhee MH, Park KM, Nam KY, Park KH. Effect of non-saponin fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and thromboxane A2 in human platelet aggregation. J Ethnopharmacol 1995;49(3):157-62. View abstract.

Park JS, Hwang SY, Lee WS, Yu KW, Paek KY, Hwang BY, Han K. The therapeutic effect of tissue cultured root of wild Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer on spermatogenetic disorder. Arch Pharm Res 2006;29(9):800-7. View abstract.

Park JS, Park EM, Kim DH, Jung K, Jung JS, Lee EJ, Hyun JW, Kang JL, Kim HS. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginseng saponins in activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2009;209(1-2):40-9. View abstract.

Park K, Kim Y, Kim J, et al. Supplementation with Korean Red Ginseng Improves Current Perception Threshold in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:5295328. View abstract.

Park SE, Park C, Kim SH, Hossain MA, Kim MY, Chung HY, Son WS, Kim GY, Choi YH, Kim ND. Korean red ginseng extract induces apoptosis and decreases telomerase activity in human leukemia cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;121(2):304-12. View abstract.

Park SH, Chung S, Chung MY, Choi HK, Hwang JT, Park JH. Effects of Panax ginseng on hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ginseng Res 2022;46(2):188-205. View abstract.

Park SH, Jang JH, Chen CY, Na HK, Surh YJ. A formulated red ginseng extract rescues PC12 cells from PCB-induced oxidative cell death through Nrf2-mediated upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate cysteine ligase. Toxicology 2010;278(1):131-9. View abstract.

Park SI, Lee S, Lee HY, Yim SV, Kim BH. KGR-BG1, a Standardized Korean Black Ginseng Extract, Has No Significant Effects on Head or Face Temperature Compared with Korean Red Ginseng Extract and a Placebo. J Med Food 2022;25(6):636-644. View abstract.

Persson IA, Dong L, Persson K. Effect of Panax ginseng extract (G115) on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;105(3):321-5. View abstract.

Ping FW, Keong CC, Bandyopadhyay A. Effects of acute supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance running in a hot & humid environment. Indian J Med Res 2011;133:96-102. View abstract.

Punnonen R, Lukola A. Oestrogen-like effect of ginseng. Br Med J 1980;281:1110.. View abstract.

Raghavendran HR, Rekha S, Shin JW, Kim HG, Wang JH, Park HJ, Choi MK, Cho JH, Son CG. Effects of Korean ginseng root extract on cisplatin-induced emesis in a rat-pica model. Food Chem Toxicol 2011;49(1):215-21. View abstract.

Reay, J. L., Kennedy, D. O., and Scholey, A. B. Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasks. J Psychopharmacol. 2006;20(6):771-781. View abstract.

Reay, J. L., Kennedy, D. O., and Scholey, A. B. Single doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activity. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(4):357-365. View abstract.

Reay, J. L., Kennedy, D. O., and Scholey, A. B. The glycaemic effects of single doses of Panax ginseng in young healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 2006;96(4):639-642. View abstract.

Reay, J. L., Scholey, A. B., and Kennedy, D. O. Panax ginseng (G115) improves aspects of working memory performance and subjective ratings of calmness in healthy young adults. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010;25(6):462-471. View abstract.

Reay, J. L., Scholey, A. B., Milne, A., Fenwick, J., and Kennedy, D. O. Panax ginseng has no effect on indices of glucose regulation following acute or chronic ingestion in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 2009;101(11):1673-1678. View abstract.

Reeds DN, Patterson BW, Okunade A, et al. Ginseng and ginsenoside re do not improve beta-cell function or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1071-6. View abstract.

Rhee MY, Cho B, Kim KI, Kim J, Kim MK, Lee EK, Kim HJ, Kim CH. Blood pressure lowering effect of Korea ginseng derived ginseol K-g1. Am J Chin Med 2014;42(3):605-18. View abstract.

Rhee MY, Kim YS, Bae JH, Nah DY, Kim YK, Lee MM, Kim HY. Effect of Korean red ginseng on arterial stiffness in subjects with hypertension. J Altern Complement Med 2011;17(1):45-9. View abstract.

Ruan CC, Liu Z, Li X, Liu X, Wang LJ, Pan HY, Zheng YN, Sun GZ, Zhang YS, Zhang LX. Isolation and characterization of a new ginsenoside from the fresh root of Panax Ginseng. Molecules 2010;15(4):2319-25. View abstract.

Rudakewich M, Ba F, Benishin CG. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides Rb(1) and Rg(1). Planta Med 2001;67(6):533-7. View abstract.

Ryu S, Chien Y. Ginseng-associated cerebral arteritis. Neurology 1995;45:829-30. View abstract.

Sakakibara K, Shibata Y, Higashi T, Sanada S, Shoji J. Effect of ginseng saponins on cholesterol metabolism. I. The level and the synthesis of serum and liver cholesterol in rats treated with ginsenosides. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1975;23(5):1009-16. View abstract.

Salvati G, Genovesi G, Marcellini L, Paolini P, De Nuccio I, Pepe M, Re M. Effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer saponins on male fertility. Panminerva Med 1996;38(4):249-54. View abstract.

Scaglione F, Cattaneo G, Alessandria M, Cogo R. Efficacy and safety of the standardized Ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1996;22:65-72. View abstract.

Scaglione F, Cogo R, and Cocuzza C. Immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer (G115) on alveolar macrophages from patients suffering with chronic bronchitis. Int J Immunother 1994;10(1):21-24.

Scaglione F, Weiser K, Alessandria M. Effects of the standardized ginseng extract G115 (Reg.) in patients with chronic bronchitis: A nonblinded, randomized, comparative pilot study. Clin Drug Invest 2001;21:41-5.

Scholey AB, Kennedy DO. Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:35-44.. View abstract.

See DM, Broumand N, Sahl L, Tilles JG. In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 1997;35:229-35. View abstract.

Sen A. Orobuccolingual dyskinesia after long-term use of black cohosh and ginseng. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013 Fall;25(4):E50. View abstract.

Seong E, Bose S, Han SY, et al. Positive influence of gut microbiota on the effects of Korean red ginseng in metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. EPMA J 2021;12(2):177-197. View abstract.

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Shen L, Gwak SR, Joo JC, et al. Effectiveness and safety of Panax ginseng extract on hepatic dysfunction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:2689565. View abstract.

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Shim JY, Kim MH, Kim HD, Ahn JY, Yun YS, Song JY. Protective action of the immunomodulator ginsan against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury via control of oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010;242(3):318-25. View abstract.

Shin D, Yoon BI, Bang S, et al. Safety and Efficacy Assessment of Red Ginseng Oil (RXGIN) in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. World J Mens Health 2023. View abstract.

Shin HR, Kim JY, Yun TK, et al. The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng: a review of human and experimental evidence. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:565-76. View abstract.

Shin MB, Kim SA, Lee S, et al. Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Ginsenosides between Fermented and Non-Fermented Red Ginseng in Healthy Volunteers. Pharmaceutics 2022;14(12):2807. View abstract.

Shin, S. K., Kwon, J. H., Jeong, Y. J., Jeon, S. M., Choi, J. Y., and Choi, M. S. Supplementation of cheonggukjang and red ginseng cheonggukjang can improve plasma lipid profile and fasting blood glucose concentration in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. J Med Food 2011;14(1-2):108-113. View abstract.

Shishtar E, Sievenpiper JL, Djedovic V, et al. The effect of ginseng (the genus panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107391. View abstract.

Shukla R, Kumar M. Role of Panax ginseng as an antioxidant after cadmium-induced hepatic injuries. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47(4):769-73. View abstract.

Siddique MS, Eddeb F, Mantle D, Mendelow AD. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng protect brain proteins from free radical induced oxidative damage in vitro. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2000;76:87-90. View abstract.

Siegel RK. Ginseng Abuse Syndrome. JAMA 1979;241:1614-5.

Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. Decreasing, null and increasing effects of eight popular types of ginseng on acute postprandial glycemic indices in healthy humans: the role of ginsenosides. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:248-58. View abstract.

Sievenpiper, J. L., Sung, M. K., Di Buono, M., Seung-Lee, K., Nam, K. Y., Arnason, J. T., Leiter, L. A., and Vuksan, V. Korean red ginseng rootlets decrease acute postprandial glycemia: results from sequential preparation- and dose-finding studies. J Am Coll.Nutr 2006;25(2):100-107. View abstract.

Smith M, Lin KM, and Zheng YP. PIII-89 an open trial of nifedipine-herb interactions: Nifedipine with St. John's wort, ginseng or ginkgo biloba. Clin Pharm Ther 2001;69:P86.

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Song Z, Kharazmi A, Wu H, et al. Effects of Ginseng treatment on neutrophil chemiluminescence and immunoglobulin G subclasses in a rat model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998;5:882-7. View abstract.

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Sotaniemi EA, Haapakoski E, Rautio A. Ginseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1373-5. View abstract.

Su W, Sun AJ, Xu DL, Zhang HQ, Yang L, Yuan LY, Jia JG, Zou YZ, Wu YL, Wang KQ, Ge JB. Inhibiting effects of total saponins of panax ginseng on immune maturation of dendritic cells induced by oxidized-low density lipoprotein. Cell Immunol 2010;263(1):99-104. View abstract.

Sugimoto S, Nakamura S, Matsuda H, Kitagawa N, Yoshikawa M. Chemical constituents from seeds of Panax ginseng: structure of new dammarane-type triterpene ketone, panaxadione, and hplc comparisons of seeds and flesh. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009;57(3):283-7. View abstract.

Sun XB, Matsumoto T, Yamada H. Anti-ulcer activity and mode of action of the polysaccharide fraction from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Planta Med 1992;58(5):432-5. View abstract.

Sung WS, Kang HR, Jung CY, Park SS, Lee SH, Kim EJ. Efficacy of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) for middle-aged and moderate level of chronic fatigue patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102246. View abstract.

Sung, H., Jung, Y. S., and Cho, Y. K. Beneficial effects of a combination of Korean red ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009;16(8):1127-1131. View abstract.

Suzuki H, Rhim JH. Effect of samgyetang feeding on plasma lipids, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and stress-induced gastric ulcers in mice. Nutr Res 2000;20:575-84.

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Teitelbaum J, Goudie S. An Open-Label, Pilot Trial of HRG80(TM) Red Ginseng in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Post-Viral Fatigue. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;15(1):43. View abstract.

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Tode T, Kikuchi Y, Hirata J, et al. Effect of Korean red ginseng on psychological functions in patients with severe climacteric syndromes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999;67:169-74. View abstract.

Toh HT. Improved isolated heart contractility and mitochondrial oxidation after chronic treatment with Panax ginseng in rats. Am J Chin Med 1994;22(3-4):275-84. View abstract.

Tong LS, Chao CY. Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 of Panax ginseng on mitosis in human blood lymphocytes in vitro. Am J Chin Med 1980 Autumn;8(3):254-67. View abstract.

Tu LH, Ma J, Liu HP, Wang RR, Luo J. The neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides on calcineurin activity and tau phosphorylation in SY5Y cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009;29(8):1257-64. View abstract.

Tung NH, Song GY, Minh CV, Kiem PV, Jin LG, Boo HJ, Kang HK, Kim YH. Steamed ginseng-leaf components enhance cytotoxic effects on human leukemia HL-60 cells. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010;58(8):1111-5. View abstract.

Tung NH, Song GY, Nhiem NX, Ding Y, Tai BH, Jin LG, Lim CM, Hyun JW, Park CJ, Kang HK, Kim YH. Dammarane-type saponins from the flower buds of Panax ginseng and their intracellular radical scavenging capacity. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58(2):868-74. View abstract.

Vilstrup H, Gluud C, Hardt F, et al. Branched chain enriched amino acid versus glucose treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. A double-blind study of 65 patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1990;10:291-6. View abstract.

Vogler BK, Pittler MH, Ernst E. The efficacy of ginseng. A systemic review of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55:567-75. View abstract.

Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, et al. Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1221-6. View abstract.

Vuksan, V., Sung, M. K., Sievenpiper, J. L., Stavro, P. M., Jenkins, A. L., Di, Buono M., Lee, K. S., Leiter, L. A., Nam, K. Y., Arnason, J. T., Choi, M., and Naeem, A. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2008;18(1):46-56. View abstract.

Wakabayashi C, Hasegawa H, Murata J, Saiki I. In vivo antimetastatic action of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins is based on their intestinal bacterial metabolites after oral administration. Oncol Res 1997;9(8):411-7. View abstract.

Wang J, Flaisher-Grinberg S, Li S, Liu H, Sun L, Zhou Y, Einat H. Antidepressant-like effects of the active acidic polysaccharide portion of ginseng in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132(1):65-9. View abstract.

Wang Q, Sun LH, Jia W, Liu XM, Dang HX, Mai WL, Wang N, Steinmetz A, Wang YQ, Xu CJ. Comparison of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 for their effects on improving scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice. Phytother Res 2010;24(12):1748-54. View abstract.

Wang T, Yu XF, Qu SC, Xu HL, Sui DY. Ginsenoside Rb3 inhibits angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010;107(2):685-9. View abstract.

Wang X, Chu S, Qian T, Chen J, Zhang J. Ginsenoside Rg1 improves male copulatory behavior via nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. J Sex Med 2010;7(2 Pt 1):743-50. View abstract.

Wang X, Zheng YL, Li K, Lin N, Fan QX. [The effects of ginsenosides Rg3 on the expressions of VEGF and KDR in human lung squamous cancer cells]. Zhong Yao Cai 2009;32(11):1708-10. View abstract.

Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang Z, Bi P, Qi Z, Zhang C. Anti-neuroinflammation effect of ginsenoside Rbl in a rat model of Alzheimer disease. Neurosci Lett 2011;487(1):70-2. View abstract.

Weber L, Hammoud Mahdi D, Jankuhn S, Lipowicz B, Vissiennon C. Bioactive plant compounds in coffee charcoal (Coffeae carbo) extract inhibit cytokine release from activated human THP-1 macrophages. Molecules. 2019;24(23):4263. View abstract.

Wesnes KA, Ward T, McGinty A, Petrini O. The memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;152:353-61.. View abstract.

Wiklund I, Karlberg J, and Lund B. A double bind comparison of the effect on quality of life of a combination of vital substances including standarized ginseng G115 and placebo. Curr Ther Res 1994;55(1):32-42.

Wiklund IK, Mattsson LA, Lindgren R, et al. Effects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of life and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1999;19:89-99.. View abstract.

Wiwanikit V, Taungjarwinai W. A case report of suspected ginseng allergy. Medscape General Medicine 6 (3), 2004. Available at: www.medscape.com/viewarticle/482833 (Accessed 17 September 2004).

Wong VK, Cheung SS, Li T, Jiang ZH, Wang JR, Dong H, Yi XQ, Zhou H, Liu L. Asian ginseng extract inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of mouse lewis lung carcinoma via modulation of ERK-p53 and NF-κB signaling. J Cell Biochem 2010;111(4):899-910. View abstract.

Wu J, Jeong HK, Bulin SE, Kwon SW, Park JH, Bezprozvanny I. Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Res 2009;87(8):1904-12. View abstract.

Xiaoguang C, Hongyan L, Xiaohong L, Zhaodi F, Yan L, Lihua T, Rui H. Cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic activities of red ginseng. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;60(1):71-8. View abstract.

Xu C, Teng J, Chen W, Ge Q, Yang Z, Yu C, Yang Z, Jia W. 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, an active ginseng metabolite, exhibits strong antidepressant-like effects in animal tests. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010;34(8):1402-11. View abstract.

Xu QF, Fang XL, Chen DF. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 from Panax notoginseng in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;84:187-92. View abstract.

Xu W, Yue A, Yang X. [GC-MS analysis of essential oil of honeyed red ginseng]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009;34(5):591-5. View abstract.

Yakoot M, Salem A, Helmy S. Effect of Memo, a natural formula combination, on Mini-Mental State Examination scores in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Clin Interv Aging 2013;8:975-81. View abstract.

Yamamoto M, Uemura T, Nakama S, Uemiya M, Kumagai A. Serum HDL-cholesterol-increasing and fatty liver-improving actions of Panax ginseng in high cholesterol diet-fed rats with clinical effect on hyperlipidemia in man. Am J Chin Med 1983;11(1-4):96-101. View abstract.

Yang L, Li CL, Tsai TH. Preclinical Herb-Drug Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Panax ginseng Extract and Selegiline in Freely Moving Rats. ACS Omega. 2020;5(9):4682-4688. View abstract.

Yang WM, Park SY, Kim HM, Park EH, Park SK, Chang MS. Effects of Panax ginseng on glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression and spermatogenesis in rats. Phytother Res 2011;25(2):308-11. View abstract.

Yang Y, Wang H, Zhang M, et al. Safety and antifatigue effect of Korean Red Ginseng capsule: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Ginseng Res 2022;46(4):543-549. View abstract.

Ye R, Li N, Han J, Kong X, Cao R, Rao Z, Zhao G. Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rd against oxygen-glucose deprivation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Res 2009;64(3):306-10. View abstract.

Yennurajalingam S, Reddy A, Tannir NM, et al. High-dose Asian ginseng (panax ginseng) for cancer-related fatigue: a preliminary report. Integr Cancer Ther. 2015 Sep;14(5):419-27. View abstract.

Yi RL, Li W, Hao XZ. [Inductive differentiation effect of ginsenosides on human acute non-lymphocytic leukemic cells in 58 patients]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1993;13(12):722-4, 708. View abstract.

Yi XQ, Li T, Wang JR, Wong VK, Luo P, Wong IY, Jiang ZH, Liu L, Zhou H. Total ginsenosides increase coronary perfusion flow in isolated rat hearts through activation of PI3K/Akt-eNOS signaling. Phytomedicine 2010;17(13):1006-15. View abstract.

Yoo JH, Kwon HC, Kim YJ, Park JH, Yang HO. KG-135, enriched with selected ginsenosides, inhibits the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells in culture and inhibits xenograft growth in athymic mice. Cancer Lett 2010;289(1):99-110. View abstract.

Yun TK, Choi SY. Non-organ specific cancer prevention of ginseng: a prospective study in Korea. Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:359-64. View abstract.

Yun TK, Lee YS, Lee YH, Kim SI, Yun HY. Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. J Korean Med Sci 2001;16 Suppl:S6-18. View abstract.

Yun YP, Do JH, Ko SR, et al. Effects of Korean red ginseng and its mixed prescription on the high molecular weight dextran-induced blood stasis in rats and human platelet aggregation. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;77:259-64. View abstract.

Yun YS, Lee YS, Jo SK, Jung IS. Inhibition of autochthonous tumor by ethanol insoluble fraction from Panax ginseng as an immunomodulator. Planta Med 1993;59(6):521-4. View abstract.

Yun, T. K., Zheng, S., Choi, S. Y., Cai, S. R., Lee, Y. S., Liu, X. Y., Cho, K. J., and Park, K. Y. Non-organ-specific preventive effect of long-term administration of Korean red ginseng extract on incidence of human cancers. J Med Food 2010;13(3):489-494. View abstract.

Zhang, R., Jie, J., Zhou, Y., Cao, Z., and Li, W. Long-term effects of Panax ginseng on disposition of fexofenadine in rats in vivo. Am J Chin Med 2009;37(4):657-667. View abstract.

Zhao H, Li Q, Pei X, Zhang Z, Yang R, Wang J, Li Y. Long-term ginsenoside administration prevents memory impairment in aged C57BL/6J mice by up-regulating the synaptic plasticity-related proteins in hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2009;201(2):311-7. View abstract.

Zhu M, Chan KW, Ng LS, et al. Possible influences of ginseng on the pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999;51:175-80. View abstract.

Zurbau A, Smircic Duvnjak L, Magas S, et al. Co-administration of viscous fiber, Salba-chia and ginseng on glycemic management in type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2021. View abstract.

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PANAX GINSENG - Uses, Side Effects, and More

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Moderate Interaction

Caffeine interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Furosemide (Lasix) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Insulin interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Medications for depression (MAOIs) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Stimulant drugs interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Estrogens interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Medications that can cause an irregular heartbeat (QT interval-prolonging drugs) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Nifedipine (Procardia) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Raltegravir (Isentress) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Imatinib (Gleevec) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Midazolam (Versed) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Selegiline (Eldepryl) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Minor Interaction

Fexofenadine (Allegra) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) substrates) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra) interacts with PANAX GINSENG

Dosing

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