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The science of separation: How column chromatography shapes R&D. Principle of Column Chromatography • Stationary Phase: Solid material (e.g., silica gel) packed in a column. • Mobile Phase: Liquid or gas that carries the sample through the column. • Sample Introduction: Mixture is dissolved in the mobile phase and added to the column. ■ Adsorption and Separation: Components move at different rates based on their interaction with the stationary phase. • Detection and Collection: Separated components are detected and collected individually. Importance in Research and Development • Purification: Isolates pure compounds, crucial in pharmaceuticals for APIs. • Analysis: Identifies and quantifies components in complex mixtures for quality control. • Natural Products: Isolates bioactive compounds from natural sources. ■ Biotech and Biochemistry: Essential for protein and enzyme purification. • Material Science: Separates and purifies polymers and new materials. ■ Environmental Analysis: Detects pollutants and contaminants in samples. • Food Industry: Ensures product purity and quality by analyzing additives and contaminants. . . . #organicchemistry

Cyclodextrins a "super molecules" Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Their structure forms a toroidal or doughnut-shaped molecule with: Hydrophobic interior: This allows them to encapsulate non-polar molecules. Hydrophilic exterior: This makes them soluble in water. The most common types are: α-Cyclodextrin: Six glucose units. β-Cyclodextrin: Seven glucose units. γ-Cyclodextrin: Eight glucose units. Why It's a "Super Molecule" Encapsulation Capability: Cyclodextrins can form inclusion complexes by trapping guest molecules in their hydrophobic cavity. This property is used for stabilizing, solubilizing, and protecting various compounds. Environmental Friendliness: They are biodegradable, non-toxic, and derived from starch, making them an eco-friendly option in various industries. Versatility in Applications: Pharmaceuticals: Enhance drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Food Industry: Mask unpleasant tastes or odors and stabilize flavors. Cosmetics: Stabilize active ingredients and improve delivery. Environmental Science: Remove organic pollutants from water through encapsulation. Chemical Modifications: Cyclodextrins can be chemically modified (e.g., methylation, hydroxypropylation) to tailor their properties for specific applications. Self-Assembly: Cyclodextrins can act as building blocks for supramolecular assemblies, enabling the creation of nanomaterials, sensors, and drug delivery systems. Scientific and Industrial Impact Cyclodextrins exemplify the principles of supramolecular chemistry, where molecular recognition and host-guest interactions are key. Their use has revolutionized several fields, demonstrating the power of molecular engineering. If you'd like to explore specific applications or dive deeper into their chemistry, contact to CarboHyde

Reaction kinetics is the study of the rates of chemical reactions, including the factors that influence them. It provides a detailed understanding of how reactions occur and how they can be controlled. Key concepts in reaction kinetics: 1.Rate of reaction: The change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time. 2.Rate constant(k): A measure of the reaction rate, independent of reactant concentrations. 3.Order of reaction: The dependence of the reaction rate on reactant concentrations. 4.Activation energy (Ea): The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. 5.Catalysts: Substances that speed up reactions without being consumed. 6.Reaction mechanisms: Step-by-step descriptions of how reactions occur. Factors affecting reaction kinetics: 1.Concentration: Increasing reactant concentrations can increase reaction rates. 2.Temperature: Higher temperatures generally increase reaction rates. 3.Pressure: Increasing pressure can increase reaction rates for gaseous reactants. 4.Surface area: Increasing the surface area of reactants can increase reaction rates. 5.Catalysts: Presence of catalysts can significantly increase reaction rates. Types of reaction kinetics: 1. Zero-order kinetics: Rate is independent of reactant concentrations. 2.First-order kinetics: Rate depends on the concentration of one reactant. 3.Second-order kinetics: Rate depends on the concentrations of two reactants. Understanding reaction kinetics is crucial in various fields, including: 1.Chemical engineering: To design and optimize chemical reactors. 2.Pharmaceuticals: To develop and manufacture drugs. 3.Environmental science: To understand and mitigate pollution. 4.Materials science: To develop new materials and processes. Ashish Puranik BE Chemical puranikashish8@gmail.com

B: Soft Matter, Fluid Interfaces, Colloids, Polymers, and Glassy MaterialsDecember 29, 2024 Active Site Studies to Explain Kinetics of Lipases in Organic Solvents Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations Helena D. TjørnelundJesper BraskJohn M. WoodleyGünther H. J. Peters* The Journal of Physical Chemistry This study investigates the intricate dynamics underlying lipase performance in organic solvents using comprehensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, supported by enzyme kinetics data. The study reveals that a single criterion can neither predict nor explain lipase activity in organic solvents, indicating the need for a comprehensive approach. Three lipases were included in this study: Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB), Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML), and Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL). The lipases were investigated in acetonitrile, methyl tert-butyl ether, and hexane with increasing water activity. Computational investigations reveal that CALB’s activity is negatively correlated to water cluster formations on its surface. In contrast, TLL’s and RML’s activity profiles show no negative effects of high water activity. However, TLL’s and RML’s activities are highly correlated to the conformation and stability of their active site regions. This study may pave the way for tailored applications of lipases, highlighting some of the factors that should be considered when lipase-catalyzed reactions are designed. This publication is licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 . cc licence by licence nc licence nd licence © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society Subjects

🗞 WORKSHOP “The power of evolution: engineering enzymes for biosensing applications" ·       Summary: Uncover the world of enzyme engineering and biosensors! This free workshop will explore the cutting edge of biotechnology. You'll learn how scientists in EvoEnzyme use directed evolution, a powerful technique that mimics natural selection, to create custom-made enzymes. The workshop will also explore how engineered enzymes are harnessed to create highly sensitive biosensors. The workshop is scheduled within the framework of the European Pathfinder Project WOUNDSENS, which focuses on developing innovative biosensors for continuous wound monitoring. By attending, you'll gain insights into this exciting project and its potential impact on healthcare monitoring. Learn about: ·       Fundamentals of enzyme engineering ·       Designing enzymes with directed evolution ·       Yeast as a tool in enzyme engineering ·       Uses of engineered enzymes in biosensors No prior knowledge required. Free workshop with certificate of attendance. 🗓 Date: April 16th, 2024 Registration open until April 11th To register, please send an email with your details to the following address: info@woundsensproject.eu indicating your name and last name, Academic title, Organisation, Position within organization, Motivation (Please describe shortly your motivation to join the workshop). We will contact you as soon as possible and send you the complete schedule and agenda. “Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency (EISMEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.”

Inclusion complex formation with cyclodextrin involves encapsulating a guest molecule within the hydrophobic cavity of a cyclodextrin molecule. This process improves the physicochemical properties of the guest molecule, making it more suitable for various applications. Methods for forming these complexes include: Solvent-Based Methods: Co-precipitation: Dissolve both cyclodextrin and guest in a common solvent, then add an anti-solvent to precipitate the complex. Kneading: Mix cyclodextrin and guest with a small amount of solvent, knead to form a viscous mass, then evaporate the solvent to obtain a solid complex. Solid-State Methods: Grinding: Grind solid cyclodextrin and guest together to promote molecular mixing and complex formation. Freeze-Drying: Freeze a solution of cyclodextrin and guest, then remove the solvent under vacuum to obtain a powdered product. Supercritical Fluid Technology: Using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a green solvent, this method allows precise control over conditions, facilitating high-quality complex formation. Applications of Cyclodextrin Complexes: Pharmaceuticals: Improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Food Technology: Enhance flavor retention, control additive release, and remove undesirable compounds. Environmental Remediation: Remove pollutants and heavy metals from water and soil. Cosmetics: Stabilize and control the release of fragrances and active ingredients. Material Science: Encapsulate catalysts, dyes, and pigments for improved properties. Cyclodextrin complexes enhance the properties and applications of guest molecules across various industries, promising future advancements in scientific and industrial domains.

Crude oil demulsification; How ‘Ostwald ripening’ helps it? ‘Ostwald ripening’ is a mechanism of emulsion degradation where bigger droplets grow at the expense of smaller droplets. 'Water-in-oil' emulsion has a gradation of droplet sizes. The pressure inside the smaller droplets (Laplace pressure) is greater. This causes the diffusion of water molecules from the droplets, and seepage into the bigger one. The bigger droplet becomes even bigger and the smaller droplets’ number decreases. This increases the average size of the droplets in the emulsion. The bigger droplets coalesce and flocculate separating the oil and water phases. Acceleration of Ostwald ripening and emulsion breaking is targeted in the oil industry. However, most research is focused on stabilizing the emulsions in food, pharma, and other industries. Microscopic clip- Michał Majewski- youtube

BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS Biotechnology the word itself says Bio(living species) and Technology (use of Tech industries for various purposes such as for agricultural , pharmaceutical and industrial purposes ) At home we prepare food items such as yoghurt (curd), cake, bread, idli and dosa by the action of microorganisms, such as the bacteria and fungi. Brewers use yeast by the action of microorganisms, such as the bacteria and fungi. Brewers use yeast (fungus) to make beer. Antibiotics such as penicillin are obtained from certain fungi. (fungus) ot make ber. Antibiotics such as penicilin are obtained from certain fungi. Nowadays, biological processes such as fermentation by microorganisms is being Nowadays, biological processes such as fermentation by microorganisms si being used in industry on a commercial scale for making food, drinks, drugs (medicines) used in industry on a commercial scale for making food, drinks, drugs (medicines) and industrial chemicals. Modern techniques in biotechnology are programming and industrial chemicals. Modern techniques in biotechnology are programming microorganisms for this task. In this lesson, you will learn about use of microorganisms microorganisms for this task. In this lesson, you will learn about use of microorganisms in industries. This is a mini blog which will guide you about what Biotechnology does or what role it plays in our day to day life.

Biotechnology Applications: Biotechnology has numerous applications in our daily lives. Here are some examples: 1.Food production: Genetic engineering is used to create crops that are pest-resistant, drought-tolerant, and have enhanced nutritional value. 2.Medicines: Biotechnology helps develop new medicines, vaccines, and diagnostic tools, such as insulin, vaccines for HPV and Hepatitis B, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests. 3.Environmental conservation: Biotechnology is used in bioremediation, the process of using living organisms or their enzymes to clean up pollutants in the environment. 4.Biofuels: Microorganisms are used to produce biofuels like ethanol and butanol from renewable biomass. 5.Detergent enzymes: Biological laundry detergents contain enzymes produced through biotechnology, which help break down protein, starch, and fat stains. 6.Cosmetics: Certain skincare products contain biotechnology-derived ingredients, such as collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. 7.Waste management: Biotechnology helps in waste degradation, recycling, and management through microbial processes.