Survival Rate for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells and bone marrow. There is an abnormally high production of white bloodless (cells that fight infection and provide immunity), which are unable to mature properly leading to the symptoms in leukemia.

Based on the origin, they can be divided into two broad types, namely, myeloid and lymphoid:

• Myeloid leukemia (myelogenous leukemia) arises from the myeloid line of the white blood cells. Normal myeloid cells undergo differentiation to form leukocytes.
• Lymphoid leukemia (lymphoid or lymphoblastic leukemia) arises from the lymphoid line of cells in the bone marrow.

Based on how fast it progresses, it is divided into acute and chronic leukemia:

• Acute leukemia: Most of the abnormal blood cells are immature and don’t function normally. It progresses very quickly.
• Chronic leukemia: There are some immature cells, but others are normal and function normally. It is slowly progressive.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL):

• It progresses rapidly and spreads to other organ systems through the blood.
• It mostly occurs in children and above the age of 45 years.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML):

• It is the second most common leukemia in adults and rapidly progressive.
• It is commonly seen in adults aged over 55-60 years.
• The myeloid cells mutate, forming defective cells, and prevent the formation of normal, healthy blood cells (white, red, and platelets).

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL):

• It is slow-growing cancer that begins in the lymphocyte cells present in the bone marrow.
• There is abnormally high multiplication of the lymphocyte cells that are immature and do not function properly. 

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML):

• It is associated with a chromosomal abnormality known as the Philadelphia chromosome.
• The upper part of chromosome 22 breaks off and attaches to the lower part of chromosome 9. The upper part of chromosome 9 attaches to the lower part of chromosome 22.

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL):

• It is a rare subtype of CLL that progresses slowly.
• The bone marrow produces a high number of B-Cells, a type of white blood cell that fights against infection-causing a decrease in healthy blood cells.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS):

A group of closely related diseases in which the bone marrow produces very few healthy, functioning red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, or any combination of the three.

Some common signs and symptoms include:

• Fever
• Frequent infections
• Fatigue
• Pale skin and nails
• Nausea and vomiting
• Body pain
• Bleeding gums
• Nosebleeds
• Prolonged bleeding following injuries and during menstruation 
• Easy bruising
• Swollen lymph nodes around the neck, underarm, stomach, or groin
• Loss of appetite and weight

Treatment involves one or a combination of the following treatment modalities:

• Chemotherapy: Single drug or a combination of different drugs to kill cancer cells. 
• Radiation therapy: Radiation is used to damage, kill, and inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
• Bone marrow transplant: Diseased bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from the patient (autologous transplantation) or a donor (allologous transplantation). 
• Immunotherapy: They modulate the body’s immune system attacking cancer cells.
• Treatment of pain, anemia, and infections
• Nutritional supplementation 
• Palliative care in untreatable cases: Interdisciplinary medical care to improve quality of life, reduce pain, and suffering.
• Treatment of side effects of cancer treatment such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and inflammation of the skin.
• Psychological support